1. Study of fossils is
(a) palaeontology
(b) herpetology
(c) saurology
(d) organic evolution
2. Homeostasis is organism‘s
(a) tendency to change with change in environment
(b) tendency to resist change
(c) disturbance in regulatory control
(d) plants and animal extracts used in homeopathy
3. The term phylum was given by
(a) Cuvier
(b) Haeckel
(c) Theophrastus
(d) Linnaeus
4. Sequence of taxonomic categories is
(a) Class – Phylum – Tribe – Order – Family – Genus – Species
(b) Division – Class – Family – Tribe – Order – Genus – Species
(c) Division – Class – Order – Family – Tribe – Genus – Species
(d) Phylum – Order – Class – Tribe – Family – Genus – Species
5. Binomial nomenclature means
(a) one name given by two scientists
(b) one scientific name consisting of a generic and specific epithet
(c) two names, one latinised, other of a person
(d) two names of same plant
6. Linnaeus is credited with
(a) binomial nomenclature
(b) theory of biogenesis
(c) discovery of microscope
(d) discovery of blood circulation
7. Binomial nomenclature was introduced by
(a) de Vries
(b) Carlous Linnaeus
(c) Huxley
(d) John Ray
8. Species is
(a) unit of classification
(b) unit in the evolutionary history of a tree
(c) specific class of evolution
(d) not related to evolution
9. Phylogenetic classification is based on
(a) utilitarian system
(b) habits
(c) overall similarities
(d) common evolutionary descent
10. Binomial nomenclature consists of two words
(a) Genus and species
(b) Order and family
(c) Family and genus
(d) Species and variety
11. ―Taxonomy without phylogeny is similar to bones without flesh‖ is the statement of
(a) Oswald Tippo
(b) John Hutchinson
(c) Takhtajan
(d) Bentham and Hooker
12. The high boiling point of water is advantageous to living organisms because
(a) the environment seldom reaches the boiling point of water
(b) organisms can easily boil off enough water to keep themselves cool
(c) it allows organisms to spread heat evenly throughout their bodies
(d) organisms can absorb a great deal of heat before they reach the boiling point from organisms and population
13. In the five-kingdom system of classification, which single kingdom out of the following can include blue green algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and methanogenic archaebacteria?
(a) Fungi
(b) Plantae
(c) Protista
(d) Monera
14. Species occurring in different geographical areas are called as
(a) sibling
(b) sympatric
(c) allopatric
(d) neopatric
15. If there was no CO2 in the earth‘s atmosphere the temperature of earth‘s surface would be
(a) higher than the present from environmental issues
(b) less than the present
(c) the same
(d) dependent on the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere from environmental issues
16. The practical purpose of classification of living organisms is to
(a) explain the origin of living organisms
(b) trace the evolution of living organisms
(c) name the living organisms
(d) facilitate identification of unknown organisms
17. A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered, is
(a) artificial system
(b) synthetic system
(c) natural system
(d) phylogenetic system
18. The book Genera Plantarum was written by
(a) Bessy
(b) Hutchinson
(c) Engler and Prantl
(d) Bentham & Hooker
19. The most important feature of all living systems is to
(a) utilize oxygen to generate energy
(b) replicate the genetic information
(c) produce gametes
(d) utilize solar energy for metabolic activities.
20. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is usually referred to damages caused by
(a) Low temperature
(b) High temperature
(c) Encephalitis
(d) Radiation
21. Which of the following is less general in characters as compared to genus?
(a) Species
(b) Division
(c) Class
(d) Family
22. What is true for photolithotrops?
(a) Obtain energy from radiations and hydrogen from organic compounds
(b) Obtain energy from radiations and hydrogen from inorganic compounds
(c) Obtain energy from organic compounds
(d) Obtain energy from inorganic compounds
23. First life on earth was
(a) Cyanobacteria
(b) Chemoheterotrophs
(c) Autotrophs
(d) Photoautotrophs
24. In five kingdom system, the main basis of classification is
(a) structure of nucleus
(b) mode of nutrition
(c) structure of cell wall
(d) asexual reproduction
25. What is true for individuals of same species?
(a) Live in same niche
(b) Live in same habitat
(c) Interbreeding
(d) Live in different habitat
26. Organisms which obtain energy by the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds are called
(a) photoautotrophs
(b) chemoautotrophs
(c) saprozoic
(d) coproheterotrophs
27. Phenetic classification is based on
(a) sexual characteristics
(b) the ancestral lineage of existing organisms
(c) observable characteristics of existing organisms
(d) dendograms based on DNA characterstic
28. Biosystematics aims at
(a) identification and arrangement of organisms on the basis of their cytological characteristics
(b) the classification of organisms based on broad morphological characters
(c) delimiting various taxa of organisms and establishing their relationships
(d) the classification of organisms based on their evolutionary history and establishing their phylogeny on the totality of various parameters from all fields of studies
29. Species are considered as
(a) real units of classification devised by taxonomists
(b) real basic units of classification
(c) the lowest units of classification
(d) artificial concept of human mind which cannot be defined in absolute terms
30. Plants reproducing by spores such as mosses and ferns are grouped under the general term
(a) Thallophytes
(b) Cryptogams
(c) Bryophytes
(d) Sporophytes
31. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their
(a) power of adaptability in diverse habitat
(b) property of producing large number of seeds
(c) nature of self pollination
(d) domestication by man
32. Which of the following is not true for a species?
(a) Members of a species can interbreed.
(b) Gene flow does not occur between the populations of a species.
(c) Each species is reproductively isolated from every other species.
(d) Variations occur among members of a species.
33. ICBN stands for
(a) International code of Botanical Nomenclature
(b) International congress of Biological Names
(c) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(d) Indian Congress of Biological Names.
34. Biological organisation starts with
(a) cellular level
(b) organismic level
(c) atomic level
(d) submicroscopic molecular level
35. Select the correct statement from the following?
(a) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and gets selected by nature
(b) All mammals except whales and camels have seven cervical vertebrae
(c) Mutations are random and directional
(d) Darwinian variations are small and direction less.
36. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for
(a) interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
(b) reproduction
(c) growth and movement
(d) responsiveness to touch.
37. The haemoglobin of a human foetus
(a) has a lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult
(b) its affinity for oxygen is the same as that of an adult
(c) has only 2 protein subunits instead of 4
(d) has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult
38. Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit?
(a) Heterospory
(b) Haplontic life cycle
(c) Free -living gametophyte
(d) Dependent sporophyte
39. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular named taxonomic category?
(a) Tiger – tigris, the species
(b) Cuttle fish – mollusca, a class
(c) Humans – primata, the family
(d) Housefly – musca, an order
40. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living things?
(a) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro
(b) Increase in mass from inside only
(c) Perception of events happening in the environment and their memory
(d) Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally.
41. Which one of the following organisms is scientifically correctly named, correctly printed according to the International Rules of Nomenclature
and correctly described?
(a) Musca domestica – The common house lizard, a reptile.
(b) Plasmodium falciparum – A protozoan pathogen causing the most serious type of malaria.
(c) Felis tigris – The Indian tiger, well protected in Gir forests.
(d) E.coli – Full name Entamoeba coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine.
42. Which one of the following is not a correct statement?
(a) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference.
(b) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals
(c) Key is taxonomic aid for identification of specimens.
(d) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens.
43. The common characteristics between tomato and potato will be maximum at the level of their
(a) Genus
(b) Family
(c) Order
(d) Division
44. Static concept of species was put forward by
(a) de Candolle
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Theophrastus
(d) Darwin
45. The term ―New Systematics‖ was introduced by
(a) Bentham and Hooker
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Julian Huxley
(d) A.P. de Candolle
46. Classification given by Bentham and Hooker is
(a) artificial
(b) natural
(c) phylogenetic
(d) numerical
47. Artificial system of classification was first used by
(a) Linnaeus
(b) De Candolle
(c) Pliny the Edler
(d) Bentham and Hooker
48. System of classification used by Linnaeus was
(a) natural system
(b) artificial system
(c) phylogenetic system
(d) asexual system
49. Linnaeus evolved a system of nomenclature called
(a) mononomial
(b) vernacular
(c) binomial
(d) polynomial
50. Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy/ classification is
(a) species
(b) kingdom
(c) family
(d) variety
51. A taxon is
(a) a group of related families
(b) a group of related species
(c) a type of living organisms
(d) a taxonomic group of any ranking
52. Employment of hereditary principles in the improvement of human race is
(a) Euthenics
(b) Eugenics
(c) Euphenics
(d) Ethnology
53. An important criterion for modern day classification is
(a) resemblances in morphology
(b) anatomical and physiological traits
(c) breeding habits
(d) presence or absence of notochord
54.Study the four statements (AD) given below andselect the two correct ones out of them.
A. Definition of biological species was given by Ernst Mayr.
B. Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants.
C. Binomial nomenclature system was given by R.H. Whittaker.
D. In unicellular organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth.
The two correct statements are
- C and D
- B and C
- A and B
- A and D
55. Which of the following organisms multiply by fragmentation?
(a) Fungi
(b) filamentous algae
(c) Planaria
(d) all of the above
56.Growth by cell division occurs ___ in plants and ___ in animals
(a) continuously, only up to a certain age
(b) only up to a certain age, continuously
(c) continuously, continuously
(d) never, continuously
57.The term “New Systematics” was introduced by
(a) Linnaeus
(b) A.P. de Candolle.
(c)Bentham and Hooker
(d) Julian Huxley
58. A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any rank is
(a) species
(b) genus
(c) order
(d) taxon
59. Which of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living organisms?
(a) isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro
(b) increase in mass is from inside only
(c) increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally
(d) perception of events happening around their environment and their memory
60. Which one of the following is not a correct statement?
- Key is a taxonomic aid for
identification of specimens.
- A museum has collection of
photographs of plants and animals.
- Herbarium houses dried, pressed
and preserved plant specimens.
- Botanical gardens have collection
of living plants for reference.
61. Read the following statements
(i) Lower the taxon, more are the characteristics that the members within the taxon share.
(ii) Order is the assemblage of genera which exhibit a few similar characters.
(iii) Cat and dog are included in the same family Felidae.
(iv) Binomial Nomenclature was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
Which of the following statements are NOTcorrect?
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
62. The usage of binomial names, for plant species was accepted by all after the publication of the work by
(a) Hooker
(b) Linnaeus
(c) Bentham
(d) Darwin
63. The system of classification based on evolutionary and genetic relationships among organisms, ignoring the morphological similarities or differences, is called
(a) cladistics
(b) phonetics
(c) classical systematic
(d) new systematic
64. Choose the correct one
- Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of living organism.
- Dead organism does not grow.
- Reproduction cannot be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms.
- No non-living object is capable of replicating itself.
- Metabolism in a test tube is non-living.
- Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) All except (v)
(c) All except (iii)
(d) All of these
65. Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
A. Family I. tuberosum
B. Kingdom II. Polymoniales
C. Order III. Solanum
D. Species IV. Plantae
E. Genus V. Solanaceae
(a) A –IV; B –III; C –V; D –II; E – I
(b) A –V; B – IV; C –II; D –I; E –III
(c) A –IV; B –V; C –II; D –I; E –III
(d) A –V; B –III; C –II; D –I; E –IV
66. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature?
(a) The names are written in Latin and are italicised.
(b) When written by hand the names are to be underlined.
(c) Biological names can be written in any language.
(d) The first word in a biological name represents the genus name and the second is a specific epithet.
67. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular taxonomic category?
(a) Tiger Tigris, species
(b) Cuttlefish mollusca, class
(c) Humans primata, family
(d) Housefly Musca, Order
68. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive characteristic of living things?
(a) Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as well as internally.
(b) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in vitro
(c) Perception of events happening in the environment and their memory
(d) Increase in mass from inside only
69.Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy classification is
(a) species
(b) kingdom
(c) family
(d) variety
70. One of the most important functions of botanical gardens is that
(a) they provide a beautiful area for recreation
(b) one can observe tropical plants there
(c) they allow ex situ conservation of germplasm
(d) they provide the natural habitat for wild life.
71. Scientific name of Mango plant is Mangifera indica (Linn.) Santapau. In the above name Santapau refers to
(a) Variety of Mango
(b) A taxonomist who proposed the present nomenclature in honour of Linnaeus
(c) A scientist who for the first time described Mango plant
(d) A scientist who changed the name proposed by Linnaeus and proposed present name
72. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below:
Column I Column II
a. Herbarium (i) It is a place having a collection of preserved plants and animals
b. Key (ii) A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in an area with brief description aiding identification
c. Museum (iii) Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens mounted on sheets are kept
d. Catalogue (iv) A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are helpful in identification of various taxa.
a b c d
(1) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
73. Thiobacillus is a group of bacteria helpful in carrying out
(1) Nitrogen fixation
(2) Chemoautotrophic fixation
(3) Nitrification
(4) Denitrification
74. Select the correctly written scientific name of Mango which was first described by Carolus Linnaeus :
(1) Mangifera indica Car. Linn.
(2) Mangifera indica Linn.
(3) Mangifera indica
(4) Mangifera Indica
75. Match the following concerning essential elements and their functions in plants
(a) Iron (i) Photolysis of water
(b) Zinc (ii) Pollen germination
(c) Boron (iii) Required for chlorophyll biosynthesis
(d) Manganese (iv) IAA biosynthesis
Select the correct option
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(2) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(3) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(4) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
76. The product(s) of reaction catalyzed by nitrogenase in root nodules of leguminous plants is/are
(1) Ammonia and oxygen
(2) Ammonia and hydrogen
(3) Ammonia alone
(4) Nitrate alone
77. Which of the following algae contains mannitol as reserve food material?
(1) Ulothrix
(2) Ectocarpus
(3) Gracilaria
(4) Volvox
78. Which one of the following belongs to the family Muscidae?
(1) House fly
(2) Fire fly
(3) Grasshopper
(4) Cockroach
Solutions :
1.Solution: (a) Herpetology is the branch of Zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles. Palaentalogy is the branch of
zoology concerned with the study of fossils. Serology is the branch of Zoology concerned with the study of Lizards.
2. Solution: (b) Homoeostasis is the property of all living beings in which by a self regulatory mechanism of maintaining favourable
internal condition for uninterrupted chemical reactions in the living system despite changes in the external environment. e.g. In winter the skin
contracts to conserve body heat.
3.Solution: (a) Cuvier, father of modern Palaeontology. He introduced the term ―Phylum‖.
4. Solution: (c) With the discovery of more and more organisms, sometimes, it becomes difficult to adjust an organism to the traditional
categories. Therefore to make taxonomic position of a species more precise, the various obligate categories in hierarchial classification are explained below Division —→ Class —→ Order —→ Family —→ Genus —→ Species
5.Solution: (b) Binomial Nomenclature means the scientific name of any organism consist of a generic epithet and a specific epithet.
Generic name starts with capital letter and specific name with small letter. Both the names are written in Italics. Or underlined in manuscripts.
6.Solution: (a) Binomial Nomenclature.
7.Solution: (b) Linnaeus.
8.Solution: (a) Species is the basic unit of classification. It is defined as a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed among
themselves and are reproductively isolated from other such groups. May (1964) defined species as ―a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups‖.
9.Solution: (d) The first phylogenetic system of classification was proposed by Adolf Engler and his associate Karl Prantl in their monograph ―Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien‖. In this system of classification organisms are classified on the basis of evolutionary sequence and genetic
relationship among the organisms. Hence, this system is highly dynamic not static. Fossil records play vital role in elucidation of evolutionary relationships. This system has led to new systematics.
10.Solution: (a) Binomial nomenclature consists of two words – Genus and species. First word denotes Genus name and second word
denotes Species name.
11.Solution: (c)Takhtajan
12.Solution: (b) This is one of the reason for organisms being Homeostatic (constant body temperature).
13.Solution: (d) Monera is the kingdom of all prokaryotes and includes bacteria, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) and archae-bacteria- a
group of ancient bacteria kingdom. Protista includes slime unicellular and colonial eukaryotes. The important members are diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, moulds and protozoans. Fungi the kingdom of multicellular or multinucleate heterophyllous and spore producing eukaryotic organisms like Rhizopus mildews, mushroom etc. Kingdom plantae includes all coloured multicellular photosynthetic organisms (plants).
14.Solution: (c) Two or more species which are reproductively isolated from each other but are morphologically quite similar are
known as sibling species. Sympatric species are developed due to reproductive isolation and occur in overlapping or same area of geographical distribution. Parapatric species are developed in adjacent geographical areas meeting in very narrow regions of overlap.
15.Solution: (b) CO2 is green house gas which traps the solar radiation i.e. heats up the earth‘s atmosphere.
16.Solution: (d) Biological classification is the scientific arrangement of organisms in a hierarchial series of groups and subgroups on the
basis of similarities and differences in their traits. It helps in building evolutionary pathways and in identifying new oganisms.
17.Solution: (c) Artificial system of classification is based on comparison of one or a few characters. A system based upon a large no. of natural
characters or traits is natural system of classification, Proposed by de Jussieu. Phylogenetic system of classification indicates the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationship of organisms.
18.Solution: (d) Bentham & Hooker wrote the book Genera Plantarum. Bentham began with the Flora Hongkongensis in 1861, which was the first
comprehensive work on any part of the little-known flora of China and Hong Kong, including Hong Kong Croton. This was followed by the Flora Australiensis, in seven volumes (1863-1878), the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished. His greatest work was the
Genera Plantarum, begun in 1862, and concluded in 1883 in collaboration with Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.
19.Solution : (d) Republication of the genetic information causes transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next.
20.Solution: (d) RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) is a comparision of the dose of the radiation being studied with the dose of standard
radiation producing the same effect.
21.Solution: (a) Species is the lowest taxonomic category. Class is a category made of one or more related orders possessing similar correlated
characters, Family is composed of one to many related genera. Division comprises of several related classes.
22.Solution: (b) Photolithotrophs manufacture their own organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials (H2, O2) with the help of radiation
energy.
23.Solution: (b) First living beings were formed in the environment of sea having abundant organic molecules. They absorbed the organic materials for the sake of nutrtion and hence were chemoheterotrophs.
24.Solution: (b) The five kingdom classification is a mode of classification based on the following criteria. • Complexity of cell structure •
Complexity of body structure • Modes of nutrition • Ecological life styles • Phylogenetic relationship
25. Solution: (c) Individuals of the same species can interbreed. No two individuals share the same ecological niche.
26.Solution: (b) The organisms obtaining energy by chemical reactions independent of light are called chemotrophs. When the reductants
obtained from the environment in inorganic form then organisms are chemoautotrophs. While when its is organic then organisms
are chemoheterotrophs. Photoautotroph make their food by photosynthesis using the energy of sun. Saprozoic organisms obtain food from dead and decaying matter.
27.Solution : (c) Phenetic classification is based upon observable characteristics of an organism. Phylogenetic system of classification is a
system indicating the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationship of organisms.
28.Solution: (d) Biosystematics is the study of diversity of organism and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships.
29.Solution: (c) Species is the lowest or basic taxonomic category comprising of one or more natural population of individuals that interbreed
freely.
30.Solution: (b) The plants which reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds are called Cryptogams. The term Cryptogams is made
of 2 Greek words ie. Kryptos (hidden) + gamos (marriage). These include Bryophytes ( mosses ) and Pteridophytes.
31.Solution: (a) Angiosperms have adapted themselves to all kinds of habitat – terrestial, aquatic, tropical, deciduous and alpine. Self
pollination is seen in very few angiosperms.Production of large number of seeds ensure that at least some will germinate. Not all plants have been domesticated by man.
32.Solution: (b) Gene flow is the spread of genes through populations as effected by movements of individual and their propagules, e.g. seeds
spores etc. Gene flow ensures that all populations of a given species share a common gene pool. i.e. it reduces difference between populations. The interruption of gene flow between populations is a prerequisite for the formation of new species.
33.Solution: (a) ICBN (International code of Botanical Nomenclature) – It is one of the code of nomenclature which is independent of
zoological and bacteriological nomenclature. The code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated.
34.Solution: (d) Biological organisms starts with submicroscopic moleculer level like viruses, bacteria etc. These organisms are unable to
be seen by naked eyes without the help of microscope or even electron microscope.
35.Solution: (a) To survive in a particular environment, an organism need to adapt in that environment. If the organism becomes
success in adapting them that organism is selected by nature.
36.Solution: (b) There are several factors and processes which differentiate living beings with nonliving beings like reproducction,
respiration, growth, etc. But among them reproduction is the only difference which differentiate without any exception living being with non-living beings.
37.Solution: (d) The haemoglobin of a human foetus has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult. Haemoglobin is a group of globlar
proteins occurring widely in animal as oxygen carriers in blood.
38.Solution: (a) Heterospory is considered important in the development of seed habit. Heterospory is the production of spores of two different
sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. Heterospory was evolved from isospory independently by several plant groups in the Devonian period as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation. Heterosporic plants produce small spores called microspores which
either germinate to become male gametophytes or have reduced male gametophytes packaged within them, and similarly larger spores called megaspores that germinate into female gametophytes, or which have female gametophytes packaged within them.
39.Solution: (a) Tiger and tigris both are from same genus with particular taxonomic category.
40.Solution: (c) All living things have an ability to to their environment, that is also called stimulation.
41.Solution: (c) Plasmodium falciparum – A protozoan pathogen causes the most serious type of malaria that is falciparum malaria. Musca
domestica – House fly, an insect belongs to arthropoda phylum. Felis tigris – The Bengal tiger, well protected in Sundarbans(Tiger reserve) E.coli – Full name Escherichia coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine.
42.Solution: (b) Museum – Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and c lleges. Museums
have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collections, killing and pinning. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often have collections
of skeletons of animals too.
43.Solution: (b) Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) belong to the same family Solanaceae. : 2
44.Solution: (b) Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial System of Nomenclature in his book Species Plantarum (1753). He said that
there can be variation within species, but they do not change from one species to another.
45.Solution: (c) The term ―New Systematics‖ was given by Julian Huxley (1940). Characters of plants collected through different branches of
science are considered eg. ecology, physiology, biochemistry, cytology, genetics etc.
46.Solution: (b) George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker has given Natural system of classification. In this system of classification all the important characteristic of the organisms that provide information regarding their natural relationship are taken into consideration
which helps in bringing out maximum number of similarities in a group and comparable differences with other groups of organisms. For example Mammals are characterised by the presence of mammary gland, hair, Vivipary, 4 chambered heart etc.
47.Solution: (c) During the early period of taxonomy, only external morphology (the characters observed with naked eye) was the sole
criteria to classify plants and animals. Theophrastus gave names and description of 480 plants in his book ―Historia plantarum‖, on the basis of their habit but Pliny the Edler introduced first artificial system of classification in his book Historia Naturalis. He classified both plants and
animals.
48.Solution: (b) Linnaeus put forward an ―Artificial system‖ of plant classification which was based on sexual characters. It is commonly also
called as Sexual System of plant classification.
49.Solution: (c) The first scientific attempt to name the organism was Polynomial nomenclature which consists of number of words that incorporate all its important characters. E.g.: Caryophyllum was given name as Caryophyllum saxatilis folis gramineus umbellatis corymbis, which means caryophyllum growing on rocks having grass like leaves and umbellate corymb arrangement of flowers. However Polynomial system of nomenclature could not find favour by many scientists as it is difficult to remember long descriptive names. To over come this problem a system
was developed by Carolus Linnaeus known as ―Binomial nomenclature‖. The system provides organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting of two words, first generic name and second specific E.g. potato is named as Solanum tuberosum. Solanum represent genus and tuberosum species. The first name or genus is always written with capital letter and second or species name with small letter, and both
are separately underlined.
50.Solution: (a) Species is the basic unit for understanding taxonomy, that occupies a key position. It is defined as a dynamic genetically distinct
group of organisms, which resemble each other in all respect and freely interbreed among themselves to produce fertile offsprings.
51.Solution: (d) Taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank.
52.Solution: (b) Eugenics is the science that deals with factors (such as principles of genetics) related to improvement of human race. Improvement of race is positive eugenics and if factors impaires, then it is negative eugenics. • Euthenics is the science which improves the condition of life and the environment of human well being. • Ethnology is the study of different races of mankind, their distribution, relationship
and activities. • Euphenics is the study of body functions and treatment of heredity defect through medical means i.e. genetic engineering.
53.Solution: (b) Modern day classification is new systematics or biosystematics which includes all the characteristic of organisms gathered from the study of different sections like Physiology, Ecology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Cytology.
54.(d) Photoperiod affects reproduction in plants and decides LDP, SDP or day neutral plants. Binomial nomenclature system was proposed by Gaspard Baulin and established by Linnaeus.
55.(a) Reproduction by fragmentation can be seen easily in protonema of mosses, filamentous algae and in the fungi.
56.(a) Because , A multicellular organism increase its mass by cell division . In plant growth continuously throughout life as they have meristematic areas where cell division occurs continuously . In animals Growth occurs to a certain age after which cells divide only to replace won and lost cells .
57.(d) The term ‘New Systematics’ was given by Julian Huxley (1940). This classification takes into account the cytological, morphological, genetical, anatomical, palynological and physiological characters.
58.(d) In biology, a taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
59.(d) All living things have an ability to respond to their environment, which is also called stimulation. Characteristics of living organisms
Living organisms have the following characteristics in common:
- Movement
- Reproduction
- Sensitivity – stimulation
- Growth
- Respiration
- Excretion
- Nutrition
60. (b) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals.
61.(d) Order being higher category is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characteristics. Dog (Canis familaris) and Cat (Felis domesticus) belong to two differentfamilies—Cancideae and Felidae respectively.
62 (b) Species constitute a group of phenotypically similar organisms with common ancestry that can interbreed freely to produce fertile progeny and hence, is considered the basic unit of classification.
63. (a) Cladistics is a system of classification based on the genetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms, rather than purely on shared features. It is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group’s most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors.
64. (b) All except (v)
65. (b) A –V; B – IV; C –II; D –I; E –III
66. (c) The universal rules of nomenclature are as follows: Biological names are in Latin and are written in italics.
(1)The first word in the name indicates the genus, while the second word denotes its specific epithet.
(2)When the name is handwritten, both the words are separately underlined. When printed, the name is in italics.
(3) The first letter of the first word is always written in capital, while the first letter of the specific epithet, i.e. the second word, is a small letter.
67. (a) Mollusca is a phylum. Primata is an order of class Mammalia. Musca is a genus.
68.(c) All living things have an ability to respond to their environment, which is also called stimulation.
69.(a) Basic unit or smallest taxon of taxonomy/ classification is species. Species is a group of individuals that remain relatively constant in their characteristics; can be distinguished from other species and do not normally interbreed.
70. (c) they allow ex situ conservation of germplasm
71 (d) A scientist who changed the name proposed by Linnaeus and proposed present name
72 (3)A herbarium is a critical resource for biodiversity, ecological, and evolutionary research studies. It is a primary data source of dried and labeled plant specimens that is arranged to allow for easy retrieval access and archival storage. 0Keys are used to identify different species. (Identification of various taxa) A museum is a building used for preservation and exhibition of inanimate objects to illustrate the human or natural history. Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutions. Museums have a collection of preserved plants and animal specimens for study and reference. Catalogue is Alphabetical listing of species
73 (4) Thiobacillus is a genus of Gram-negative Betaproteobacteria. Thiobacillus denitrificans is chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that denitrifies nitrate during oxidation of FeSx compounds.
74 (2) the Mangifera is the genus and indica is the species of mango. Which was first described by Mangifera indica Linn.
75 (1) • Iron — Required for chlorophyll biosynthesis
• Zinc — LAA biosynthesis
• Boron — Pollen germination
• Manganese—Photolysis of water
76 (2) Nitrogenase enzyme catalyses the nitrogen fixation in root nodules of leguminous plants. The reaction is as follows:
N2 +8e‑ +8H+ +16ATP⟶ 2NH3+H2+16ADP+16
So, products of nitrogen fixation are both ammonia and hydrogen
77 (2) Ectocarpus
78 (1) is correct because housefly belongs to the family Muscidae, class Insecta and phylum Arthropoda. Fire flies are placed in family Lampyridae of class insecta. Grasshopper is also an insect placed in family Acrididae. Cockroach is also an insect placed in family Blattidae
