1. Extremities of long bones possess cartilage
(a) calcified
(b) fibrous
(c) elastic
(d) hyaline
2. A deltoid ridge occurs in
(a) Radius
(b) Ulna
(c) Femur
(d) Humerus
3. Number of cervical vertebrae in camel is
(a) more than that of rabbit
(b) less than that of rabbit
(c) same as that of whale
(d) more than that of horse
4. Long bones function in
(a) support
(b) support, erythrocyte and leucocyte synthesis
(c) support and erythrocyte synthesis
(d) erythrocyte formation
5. Which ion is essential for muscle contraction?
(a) Na
(b) K
(c) Ca
(d) Cl
6. Which is part of pectoral girdle?
(a) Glenoid cavity
(b) Sternum
(c) Ilium
(d) Acetabulum
7. The number of floating ribs in the human body, is
(a) 6 pairs
(b) 5 pairs
(c) 3 pairs
(d) 2 pairs
8. Total number of bones in the hind limb of man is
(a) 14
(b) 30
(c) 24
(d) 21
9. The lower jaw in mammals is made up of
(a) Mandible
(b) Dentary
(c) Maxilla
(d) Angulars
10. Which of the following is the contractile protein of a muscle?
(a) Myosin
(b) Tropomyosin
(c) Actin
(d) Tubulin
11. Tendon is made up of
(a) adipose tissue
(b) modified white fibrous tissue
(c) areolar tissue
(d) yellow fibrous connective tissue
12. Ligament is a
(a) modified yellow elastic fibrous tissue
(b) inelastic white fibrous tissue
(c) modified white fibrous tissue
(d) none of these
13. The joint found between sternum and the ribs in humans is
(a) angular joint
(b) fibrous joint
(c) cartilaginous joint
(d) gliding joint
14. Which one of the following is a skull bone?
(a) Atlas
(b) Coracoid
(c) Arytaenoid
(d) Pterygoid
15. What is sarcomere?
(a) Part between two H-lines
(b) Part between two A-lines
(c) Part between two I-bands
(d) Part between two Z-lines
16. Which statement is correct for muscle contraction?
(a) Length of H-line decreases
(b) Length of A-band remains constant
(c) Length of I-band increases
(d) Length of two Z-lines increase.
17. What will happen if ligaments are cut or broken?
(a) Bones will move freely at joints
(b) No movement at joints
(c) Bones will become unfix
(d) Bones will become fixed
18. Which of the following pairs, is correctly matched?
(a) Hinge joint – between vertebrae
(b) Gliding joint – between zygapophyses of the successive vertebrae
(c) Cartilaginous – skull bones joint
(d) Fibrous joint – between phalanges
19. An acromian process is characteristically found in the:
(a) pelvic girdle of mammals
(b) pectoral girdle of mammals
(c) skull of frog
(d) sperm of mammals
20. In human body, which one of the following is anatomically correct?
(a) Collar bones – 3 pairs
(b) Salivary glands – 1 pairs
(c) Cranial nerves – 10 pairs
(d) Floating ribs – 2 pairs
21. Which one of the following items gives its correct total number?
(a) Floating ribs in humans – 4
(b) Amino acids found in proteins – 16
(c) Types of diabetes – 3
(d) Cervical vertebrae in humans – 8
22. Which one of the following is the correct matching of three items and their grouping category? Items Group
(a) ilium, ischium, pubis – coxal bones of pelvic girdle
(b) actin, myosin, – muscle proteins rhodopsin.
(c) cytosine, uracil, – pyrimidines thiamine
(d) malleus, incus, – ear ossicles cochlea
23. Elbow joint is an example of:
(a) hinge joint
(b) gliding joint
(c) ball and socket joint
(d) pivot joint
24. Three of the following pairs of the human skeletal parts are correctly matched with their respective inclusive skeletal category and one pair is not matched. Identify the non-matching pair. Pairs of skeletal parts Category
(a) Sternum and Ribs Axial skeleton
(b) Clavicle and Glenoid Pelvic girdle cavity
(c) Humerus and Ulna Appendicular skeleton
(d) Malleus and Stapes Ear ossicles
25. Select the correct statement regarding the specific disorder of muscular or skeletal system : –
(a) Muscular dystrophy – age related shortening or muscular
(b) Osteoporosis – decrease in bone mass and higher chance of fractures with advantages eyes.
(c) Mysthenia gravis – Auto immune disorder which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments.
(d) Gout – inflammation of joints due to extra deposition of calcium.
26. Which one of the following pairs of chemical substances is correctly categorized?
(a) Calcitonin and thymosin – Thyroid hormones
(b) Pepsin and prolactin – Two digestive enzymes secreted in stomach
(c) Troponin and myosin – Complex proteins in striated muscles
(d) Secretin and rhodopsin – Polypeptide hormones
27. The characteristics and an example of a synovial joint in humans is: Characteristics Examples
(a) Fluid filled between Skull bones two joints, provides cushion
(b) Fluid filled synovial Joint between cavity between two atlas and axis bones
(c) Lymph filled between gliding joint two bones, limited between movement carpals
(d) Fluid cartilage Knee joint between two bones, limited movements
28. Select the correct statement with respect to locomotion in humans:
(a) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints causes their inflammation
(b) The vertebral column has 10 thoracic vertebrae.
(c) The joint between adjacent vertebrae is a fibrous joint
(d) The decreased level of progesterone causes osteoporosis in old people
29. The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to:
(a) The central gap between myosin filaments in the A-band.
(b) The central gap between actin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band
(c) Extension of myosin filaments in the central portion of the A-band.
(d) The absence of myofibrils in the central portion of A-band.
30. Select the correct statement with respect to disorders of muscles in humans
(a) Rapid contractions of skeletal muscles causes muscle dystrophy
(b) Failure of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis can prevent normal swallowing
(c) Accumulation of urea and creatine in the joints cause their inflammation
(d) An overdose of vitamin D causes osteoporosis.
31. During muscle contraction in humans the
(a) Actin filaments shorten
(b) Sarcomere does not shorten
(c) A band remain same
(d) A, H and I bands shorten
32.Which muscle possesses multinucleate structure (Syncytium) ?
(a) Striated muscle
(b) Skeleton muscle
(c) Non Striated muscle
(d) a and b both
33. Name the ion responsible for unmasking of active sites for myosin for crossbridge activity during muscle contraction.
(a) Calcium
(b) Sodium
(c) Magnesium
(d) Potassium
34. A cricket player is fast chasing a ball in the field. Which one of the following groups of bones are directly contributing in this movement?
(a) Pelvis, ulna, patella, tarsals
(b) Sternum, femur, tibia, fibula
(c) Femur, malleus, tibia, metatarsals
(d) Tarsals, femur, metatarsals, tibia
35.Lack of relaxation between successive stimuli in sustained muscle contraction is known as
(a) tonus
(b) spasm
(c) fatigue
(d) tetanus
36. Sliding filament theory can be best explained as
(a) action and myosin filaments do not shorten but rather slide pass each other
(b) when myofilaments slide pass each other, myosin filaments shorten while actin filaments do not shorten
(c) when myofilaments slide pass each other actin filaments shorten while myosin filaments do not shorten
(d) actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide pass each other.
37. Which one of the following is a sesamoid bone?
(a) Pterygoid
(b) Pelvis
(c) Patella
(d) Pectoral girdle
38.Glenoid cavity articulates
(a) clavicle with acromion
(b) scapula with acromion.
(c) clavicle with scapula
(d) humerus with scapula
39. What are the main aims of locomotion in animal ?
(a) For shelter, search of food
(b) For the escape of enemy, for predation
(c) To get a place for reproduction
(d) All a, b, c.
40. Which cartilage is present at the end of long bones?
(a) Calcified cartilage
(b) Hyaline cartilage
(c) Elastic cartilage
(d) Fibrous cartilage
41. Which are characteristic properties of muscles ?
(a) Electricity, excitability
(b) Extensibility, elasticity
(c) Contractility
(d) All a, b, c
42. Which one of the following pairs of chemical substances, is correctly categorised?
(a)Calcitonin and thymosin Thyroid hormones
(b) Pepsin and prolactin Two
Digestive enzymes secreted in stomach
(c) Troponin and myosin Complex proteins in striated muscles
(d) Secretin and rhodopsin Polypeptide Hormones
43. The functional unit of skeleton muscle is called as……
(a) Myofibrils
(b) Hensen’s line
(c) Krause membrane
(d) Sarcomere
44. Which one of the following is the correct description of a certain part of a normal human skeleton?
(a) First vertebra is axis which articulates with the occipital condyles.
(b) The 9 th and 10 th pairs of ribs are called the floating ribs.
(c) Parietal bone and the temporal bone of the skull are joined fibrous joint.
(d) Glenoid cavity is a depression to which the thigh bone articulates
45. In human body, which one of the following is anatomically correct
(a) Salivary glands 1 pair
(b) Collar bones 3 pairs
(c) Cranial nerves 10 pairs
(d) Floating ribs 2 Pairs
46. Which one of the following items gives its correct total number?
(a) Floating ribs in humans
(b) Amino acids found in proteins
(c) Types of diabetes
(d) Cervical vertebrae in humans
47. The contractile protein of skeletal muscle involving ATPase activity is
(a) myosin
(b) aactinin
(c) troponin
(d) tropomyosin
48. Which is the essential mineral element for muscle contraction ?
(a) Ca++
(b) Mg++
(c) K+
(d) Na+
49. What will happen if ligaments are torn ?
(a) Bone less movable at joint and pain.
(b) Bone will become unfixed.
(c) Bones will move freely at joint and no pain.
(d) Bone will become fixed
50. Which flat bone is present in the middle line of thorax region of human ?
(a) Sternum
(b) Vertebral column
(c) Collar
(d) Femur
51.Sternum is connected to ribs by
(a) white fibrous cartilage
(b) hyaline cartilage
(c) bony matter
(d) areolar tissue.
52. The pivot joint between atlas and axis is a type of :
(a) Cartilaginous joint
(b) Synovial joint
(c) Saddle joint
(d) Fibrous joint
53. Out of ‘X’ pairs of ribs in humans only ‘Y’ pairs are true ribs. Select the option that correctly represents values of X and Y and provides their explanation:
(a) X = 12, Y = 5 True ribs are attached dorsally to vertebral column and sternum on the two ends.
(b) X = 24, Y = 7 True ribs are dorsally attached to vertebral column but are free on ventral side.
(c) X = 24, Y = 12 True ribs are dorsally attached to vertebral column but are free on ventral side.
(d) X = 12, Y = 7 True ribs are attached dorsally to vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum.
54. Calcium is important in skeletal muscle contraction because it
(a) Binds to troponin to remove the masking of active sites on actin for myosin.
(b) Activates the myosin ATPase by binding to it.
(c) Prevents the formation of bonds between the myosin cross bridges and the actin filament.
(d) Detaches the myosin head from the actin filament
55. Select the correct option.
(a) 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum.
(b) 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage.
(c) Each rib is a flat thin bone and all the ribs are connected dorsally to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally to the sternum.
(d) There are seven pairs of vertebrosternal, three pairs of vertebrochondral and two pairs of vertebral ribs.
56. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Floating Ribs (i) Located between second and seventh ribs
(b) Acromion (ii) Head of the Humerus
(c) Scapula (iii)Clavicle
(d) Glenoid cavity (iv) Do not connect with the sternum
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(4) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv
Solutions :
1.Solution: (d) Hyalin Cartilage forms the cushions‘ or pads‘ upon the articular surfaces at the joints of long bones and called articular
cartilage‘. Its role in adult body is to withstand forces of compression and torsion at the joints.
2.Solution: (d) A deltoid ridge is present along the ventral side of humerus (bone of upper arm – Brachium) which provides the insertion to
muscles.
3.Solution: (c) All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae in their neck (it is one of the typical mammalian characters). Though they become long in camel &giraff but the number is 7 only. As whale is also a mammal it also possess the same 7 cervical vertebrae.
4.Solution: (b) Long bones gives us support as well as their bone marrow (the peripheral part) synthesizes (in adults) the blood and its
cells.
5.Solution: (c) Movement of Ca2+ out in sarcoplasmic reticulum controls the making and breaking of actin and myosin complex actomyosin due to which muscle contraction and relaxation takes place. Albert Szent Gyorgyi worked out biochemical events of muscle contraction.
6.Solution: (a) Glenoid cavity is a shallow concavity on the lateral side of pectoral girdle in which the head of humerus fits making the
shoulder joint.
7.Solution: (d) In a human body, there are two pairs of floating ribs. i.e., 11th and 12th pairs. These ribs are not attached to either to
sternum or the cartilage of another rib. They protect the kidneys.
8. Solution: (b) Each hind limb contain 30 bones namely 1 femur in the thigh, 1 petala in the knee, 1 tibia and 1 fibula in the lower leg, 7 tarsals
in the ankle, 5 metatarsals in the sole and 14 phalanges in toes.
9.Solution: (a) Lower jaw is made of mandible.
10.Solution: (a) Actin and tropomyosin are part of thin filaments of skeletal muscle. Tubuline is presents in microtubules. Myosin is muscle
protein.
11.Solution: (b) Tendons are made of inelastic white fibrous connective tissue. A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or muscle to muscle and is designed to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force.
12.Solution: (a) Ligament contain both yellow elastin fibres and collagen fibres. The latter are arranged in a manner to allow for stretching.
Ligaments help in binding bone to bones.
13.Solution: (c) In angular joint articulating surface of one bone is oval and convex whereas that of the other is elliptical and concave, it allows
movement only in two directions e.g. Wrist. Fibrous joints are unmovable joints e.g. Sutures of skull. Cartilaginous joints have
little motility due to disc of fibrocartilage between the articular ends. In gliding joints articulate end of both the bones are either
flat or curved to allow gliding movements. e.g. between carpels and wrist.
14.Solution: (d) Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. Coracoid is part of the pectoral girdle. Pterygoid is a small bone articulated with palatine.
15.Solution: (d) Darks bands on the myofibril form A-band. Middle part of A-band contains light zonesHensen line (H-lines). Light band on
myofibril is called I-band. Middle part of Iband contains Z-lines. Sarcomere is part between two Z-lines.
16.Solution: (b) When Ca+ ions combine with troponin contraction of muscles initiates. During Contraction the Z lines come closer
together and the sarcomere becomes shorter. The length of A band remains constant. I bands shortens and H-band narrows.
17.Solution: (c) Ligments are specialised connective tissues which connect bones together, hence if they are cut or broken the bone will be come unfixed
18.Solution: (b) Hinge joint: elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, inter phalangeal joint. Gliding joint: Intercarpal joint, intertarsal joint, sternoclavicular joint and joint between pre and post zygapophysis of adjacent vertebra. Fibrous joint (Synarthroses): Joints of cranium – bones. Joints between teeth and Jaw bones. Cartilaginous joint (Amphiarthroses): Joints between mammalian vertebrae and two innominate bones (pubic symphysis).
19.Solution: (b) Each half of pectoral girdle has two bones i.e. clavicle and scapula. A spine like, acromian process is attached to scapula for
articulation with clavicle bone.
20.Solution: (d) Floating ribs are 2- pairs (11th and 12th pair) which are not attached to sternum
21.Solution: (a) In a humans total number of ribs are Fourteen (14). These are of three types (1) True ribs-These are 7 in number. (2) False
ribs- These are two (2) in number (3) Floating rise-These are 4 in number.
22.Solution: (a) The pelvic girdle is formed by two innominate bones consists of three separate bones ilium, ischium and the pubis.
23. Solution: (a) Elbow joint is an example of hinge joint. The elbow is a hinge joint; it can open and close like a door. Hinge joint is a form of
diarthrosis (freely movable joint) that allows angular movement in one plane only, increasing or decreasing the angle between the bones e.g. elbow joint, knee joint etc.
24.Solution: (b) Glenoid cavity is found in pectoral girdle.
25.Solution: (b) Major causative factors of osteoporosis are imbalances of hormones like calcitonin of thyroid, parathormone of parathyroids, and
sex hormones and deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D.
26.Solution: (c) Troponin is a protein which is found on actin filament and myosin protein is found in myosin filament. Both actin and myosin
are complex proteins in striated muscles. Thymosin is a hormone secreted by the thymus that stimulates development of T cells. Prolactin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates breast development and milk production in women. Rhodopsin, also known as visual
purple, is not a hormone. It is a biological pigment in photoreceptor cells of the retina that is responsible for the first events in the perception of light.
27.Solution: (b) Synovial joints are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two
bones. Such an arrangement allows considerable movement. These joints help in locomotion and many other movements. Ball and socket joint (between humerus and pectoral girdle), Hinge joint (knee joint), Pivot joint (between atlas and axis), Gliding joint (between the carpals) and
Saddle joint (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb) are some examples.
28.Solution: (a) Vertebral column has 12 thoracic vertebrate. The joints between adjacent vertebrae is cartilaginous joint which permits limited movements. Progesterone is secreted by corpus luteum which supports in pregnancy in females.
29.Solution (b) Central part of thick filament , not overlapped by thin filament. Is called the “H” zone. “H” zones is called Hensen’s Line. autoimmune muscular disease. It causes breakdown of neuromuscular junction due to which the brain loses control over muscles. The symptoms may include drooping eyelids, difficulty in swallowing muscle fatigue, difficult breathing and inability to control facial expressions.
30.Solution (b) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies bind to cholinergic receptors on muscle cells and impairs the ability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to induce muscular contraction. This leads to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscles of mouth and throat which may prevent normal swallowing. Gouty arthritis is caused either due to excessive formation of uric acid or inability to excrete it. It gets deposited in synovial joints and causes inflammation. Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone loses minerals and fibres from its matrix. Major causative factors of osteoporosis are imbalances of hormones like calcitonin of thyroid, parathormone of parathyroids, sex hormones and deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D. Muscular dystrophy is inborn abnormality of muscles associated with dysfunction and ultimately with deterioration.
31.Solution: (c) Increase in Ca++ level into the sarcoplasm leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments and there by remove the masking of active sites for myosin. Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‗A‘ band. The ‗Z‘ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction. It is clear from the above steps, that during shortening of the
muscle, i.e., contraction, the ‗I‘ bands get reduced, whereas the ‗A‘ bands retain the length.
32.(d) Striated muscle and Skeleton muscle muscle possesses multinucleate structure (Syncytium).
33.(a) Ca++ ions bind with Tpc unit of troponin which is responsible for masking of active sites for myosin through tropomyosin. The event initiates cross-bridge activity during muscle contraction mechanism.
34.(d) Tarsals, femur, metatarsals, tibia
35.(d) Lack of relaxation between successive stimuli in sustained muscle contraction is known as tetanus
36.(a) Sliding filament theory can be best explained as action and myosin filaments do not shorten but rather slide pass each other.
37.(c) sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle.
38.(d) Upper rounded end of the humerus (bone of arm) is called head that articulates into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) of scapula or shoulder blade bone.
39.(d) all
40.(b) Cartilage is an important component of skeleton. It consists of a firm matrix containing collagen and elastin fibres and cells in fluidfilled lacunae. Cartilage has many types. Elastic cartilage occurs in the pinna and external auditory canal of the ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tubes and tip of the nose to make these organs flexible. Fibrous cartilage is very strong yet has a degree of flexibility. It is found in the intervertebral discs where it acts as a cushion and in pubic symphysis where it allows parturition without damage to the girdle. Hyaline cartilage occurs in sternal ribs where it allows expansion of chest during inspiration. It also forms the tracheal and bronchial rings and supports larynx and nasal septum and also at the end of long bones.
41. (d) all
42.(c) Troponin and myosin Complex proteins in striated muscles
43.(d) A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Each sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments—actin and myosin—which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction
44. (c) Parietal bone and the temporal bone of the skull are joined fibrous joint.
45. (d) Floating ribs 2 Pairs
46. (a) There are twelve pairs of ribs which form the bony lateral walls of the thoracic cage. The first seven pairs are called true ribs; eight, ninth and tenth pairs are called false ribs. The last two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because their anterior ends are not attached either to the sternum or the cartilage of another rib. The floating ribs protect the kidneys.
47.(a) Myosin-II, a two-headed tailed variety of myosin is involved in muscle contraction.
48.(a) Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is essential for the development and maintenance of bones and teeth, intracellular signaling to enable the integration and regulation of metabolic processes, impulse conduction in nervous system, muscle contraction and blood clotting
49.(d) Bone will become fixed
50.(a) Sternum
51.(b) The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.
52 (b) There are six types of freely movable diarthrosis (synovial) joints:
- Ball and socket joint. Permitting movement in all directions, the ball and socket joint features the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone. Ex: include your shoulder joint and your hip joint.
- Hinge joint. The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one direction, along one plane. Ex: include your elbow joint and your knee joint.
- Condyloid joint. The condyloid joint allows movement, but no rotation. Examples include your finger joints and your jaw.
- Pivot joint. The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint, is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone. Ex are the joints between your ulna and radius bones that rotate your forearm.
- Gliding joint. The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited movement, it’s characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. Ex: the joint in your wrist.
Saddle joint. Although the saddle joint does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back and forth and side to side. Example : the joint at the base of your thumb.
53. (d) There are 7 pairs of true ribs each attached dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum. Out of the other 5 pairs, 3 pairs are articulated to the ribs above while the other 2 are called floating ribs. There are 12pairs of ribs in total.
54 (a) Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium prevent interaction of actin and myosin. Two different regulatory systems are found in different muscles. In actin-linked regulation troponin and tropomyosin regulate actin by blocking sites on actin required for complex formation with myosin; in myosin-linked regulation sites on myosin are blocked in the absence of calcium.
Ca2+ ions play an important role in muscle contraction by creating interactions between the proteins, myosin and actin. The Ca2+ ions bind to the C component of the actin filament, which exposes the binding site for the myosin head to bind to in order to stimulate a muscle contraction
55 (d) Vertebrosternal ribs are true ribs, dorsally they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage.
56 (b) • Floating Ribs — Do not connect with the sternum
• Acromion—Clavicle
• Scapula — Located between second and seventh ribs
• Glenoid cavity —Head of the Humerus