1. RBC do not occur in
(a) frog
(b) cow
(c) camel
(d) cockroach
2. Breakdown product of haemoglobin is
(a) Bilirubin
(b) Iron
(c) Biliverdin
(d) Calcium
3. Child death may occur in the marriage between
(a) Rh+ man and Rh+ woman
(b) Rh+ man and Rh– woman
(c) Rh– man and Rh– woman
(d) Rh– man and Rh+ woman
4. Presence of RBC in urine is
(a) Alkaptonuria
(b) Ureathiasis
(c) Hematuria
(d) Proteinuria
5. Sickle cell anaemia is characterised by
(a) Leukemia
(b) Polycythemia
(c) Mental retardation
(d) Hemolytic anaemia
6. Haemophilia is
(a) royal disease
(b) faulty blood clotting
(c) both a and b
(d) mosquito having haemocoel
7. Which one engulfs pathogens rapidly?
(a) Acidophils
(b) Monocytes
(c) Basophils
(d) Neutrophils
8. Tricuspid valve is found in between
(a) sinus venosus and right auricle
(b) right auricle and right ventricle
(c) left ventricle and left auricle
(d) ventricle and aorta
9. A person with blood group A requires blood. The blood group which can be given is
(a) A and B
(b) A and AB
(c) A and O
(d) A, B, AB and O
10. Removal of calcium from freshly collected blood would
(a) cause delayed clotting
(b) prevent clotting
(c) cause immediate clotting
(d) prevent destruction of haemoglobin
11. Arteries carry oxygenated blood except
(a) Pulmonary
(b) Cardiac
(c) Hepatic
(d) systemic
12. A vein possesses a large lumen because
(a) tunica media and tunica externa form a single coat
(b) tunica interna and tunica media form a single coat
(c) tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa are thin
(d) tunica media is a thin coat
13. Splenic artery arises from
(a) anterior mesenteric artery
(b) coeliac artery
(c) posterior mesenteric artery
(d) intestinal artery
14. Wall of blood capillary is formed of
(a) haemocytes
(b) parietal cells
(c) endothelial cells
(d) oxyntic cells
15. Carbonic anhydrase occurs in
(a) Lymphocytes
(b) Blood plasma
(c) RBC
(d) Leucocytes
16. Blood group AB has
(a) no antigen
(b) no antibody
(c) neither antigen nor antibody
(d) both antigen and antibody
17. The genotype of B-group father of an O-group child is
(a) IOIO
(b) IBIB
(c) IAIB
(d) IOIB
18. Cells formed in bone marrow include
(a) RBC
(b) RBC and leucocytes
(c) Leucocytes
(d) Lymphocytes
19. A man with blood group A marries AB blood group woman. Which type of progeny indicate that the man is not homozygous?
(a) AB
(b) B
(c) A
(d) O
20. Blood capillaries are made of
(a) endothelium, connective tissue and muscle fibres
(b) endothelium and muscle fibres
(c) endothelium and connective tissue
(d) endothelium only
21. Dup‘ sound is produced during closure of
(a) Semilunar valves
(b) Bicuspid valve
(c) Tricuspid valve
(d) Both b and c
22. Closed circulatory system occurs in
(a) cockroach
(b) tadpole/fish
(c) mosquito
(d) housefly
23. Pacemaker of heart is
(a) AV node
(b) Bundle of His
(c) SA node
(d) Purkinje fibres
24. A child of blood group O cannot have parents of blood groups
(a) AB and AB/O
(b) A and B
(c) B and B
(d) O and O
25. The lymph serves to
(a) transport oxygen to the brain
(b) transport carbon dioxide to the lungs
(c) return the interstitial fluid to the blood
(d) return the WBCs and RBCs to the lymph nodes
26. Antigens are present
(a) inside the nucleus
(b) on cell surface
(c) inside the cytoplasm
(d) on nuclear membrane
27. The correct route through which pulse making impulse travels in the heart is
(a) AV node→bundle of His→SA node Purkinje fibres →heart muscles
(b) AV node→SA node→Purkinje fibres→ bundle of His→heart muscles
(c) SA node à Purkinje fibres à bundles of His à AV mode à heart muscles
(d) SA node à AV mode à bundles of His à Purkinje fibres à heart muscle
28. The blood cancer is known as
(a) leukaemia
(b) thrombosis
(c) haemolysis
(d) haemophilia
29. Which one of the following vertebrate organs receives the oxygenated blood only?
(a) Gill
(b) Lung
(c) Liver
(d) Spleen
30. Which one of the following statements about blood constituents and transport of respiratory gases is most accurate?
(a) RBCs transport oxygen whereas WBCs transport CO2
(b) RBCs transport oxygen whereas plasma transports only CO2
(c) RBCs as well as WBCs transport both oxygen and CO2
(d) RBCs as well as plasma transport both oxygen and CO2
31. Which of the following is not a granulocyte?
(a) Lymphocyte
(b) Eosinophil
(c) Basophil
(d) Neutrophil
32. The life span of human W.B.C. is approximately
(a) less than 10 days
(b) between 20 to 30 days
(c) between 2 to 3 months
(d) more than 4 months
33. In mammals, histamine is secreted by
(a) histiocytes
(b) lymphocytes
(c) mast cells
(d) fibroblasts
34. An adult human with average health has systolic and diastolic pressures as
(a) 70 mm Hg and 120 mm Hg
(b) 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
(c) 50 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
(d) 80 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg
35. With respect to the ABO group, there are four major blood types because this blood group is determined by
(a) three alleles, all of which are recessive
(b) three alleles, of which, two are recessive and the third is dominant
(c) three alleles, of which two are codominant and the third is recessive
(d) three alleles, all of which are codominant
36. Contraction of the ventricle in the heart begins by the command from
(a) Chordae tendinae
(b) S.A. node
(c) Purkinje fibres
(d) A. V. node
37. Pulmonary artery differ from pulmonary vein in having
(a) no endothelium
(b) valves
(c) large lumen
(d) thick muscular walls
38. what is true about leucocytes ?
(a) Their sudden fall in number as indication of blood cancer.
(b) These are produced in thymus
(c) these are enucleated
(d) These can squeeze out through the capillary walls
39. As the age advances, there is a gradual thinning of hair in human males. This is mainly because of lowered
(a) blood supply
(b) synthesis of proteins
(c) synthesis of glycogen
(d) availability of energy
40. Sickle cell anaemia is induced by
(a) change of amino acid in a-chain of haemoglobin
(b) change of amino acid in b-chain of haemoglobin
(c) change of amino acid in both a- and bchain of haemoglobin
(d) change of amino acid in either a- or bchain of haemoglobin
41. What is correct for blood group ‗O‘?
(a) No antigens but both a and b antibodies are present
(b) A antigen and b antibody
(c) Antigen and antibody both absent
(d) A and B antigens and a, b antibodies
42. Impulse of heart beat originates from
(a) S. A. node
(b) A. V. node
(c) Vagus nerve
(d) Cardiac nerve
43. Which of the following statments is true for lymph?
(a) WBC and serum
(b) all components of blood except RBCs and some proteins
(c) RBCs, WBCs and plasma
(d) RBCs proteins and platelets
44. Systemic heart refers to
(a) the two ventricles together in humans
(b) the heart that contracts under stimulation from nervous system
(c) left auricle and left ventricle in higher vertebrates
(d) entire heart in lower vertebrates
45. Bundle of His is a network of
(a) nerve fibres found throughout the heart
(b) muscle fibres distributed throughout the heart walls
(c) muscle fibres found only in the ventricle wall
(d) nerve fibres distributed in ventricles
46. In the ABO system of blood groups, if both antigens are present but no antibody, the blood group of the individual would be
(a) B
(b) O
(c) AB
(d) A
47. You are required to draw blood from a patient and to keep it in a test tube for analysis of blood corpuscles and plasma. You are also provided with the following four types of test tubes. Which of them will you not use for the purpose?
(a) Test tube containing calcium bicarbonate
(b) Chilled test tube
(c) Test tube containing heparin
(d) Test tube containing sodium oxalate
48. The cardiac pacemaker in a patient fails to function normally. The doctors find that an artificial pacemaker is to be
grafted in him. It is likely that it will be grafted at the site of
(a) Atrioventricular bundle
(b) Purkinje system
(c) Sinuatrial node
(d) Atrioventricular node
49. Damage to thymus in a child may lead to:
(a) a reduction in haemoglobin content of blood
(b) a reduction in stem cell production
(c) loss of antibody mediated immunity
(d) loss of cell mediated immunity
50. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) The presence of non-respiratory air sacs, increases the efficiency of respiration in birds
(b) In insects, circulating body fluids serve to distribute oxygen to tissues
(c) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes
(d) The residual area in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals
51. Which one of the following has an open circulatory system?
(a) Periplaneta
(b) Hirudinaria
(c) Octopus
(d) Pheretima
52. The majority of carbon dioxide produced by our body cells is transported to the lungs
(a) as bicarbonates
(b) as carbonates
(c) attached to hemoglobin
(d) dissolved in the blood
53. Examination of blood of a person suspected of having anemia, shows large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes without haemoglobin. Supple-menting his diet with which of the following, is likely to alleviate his symptoms?
(a) Folic acid and cobalamine
(b) Riboflavin
(c) Iron compounds
(d) Thiamine
54. A drop of each of the following, is placed separately on four slides. Which of them will not coagulate?
(a) Blood serum
(b) Sample from the thoracic duct of lymphatic system
(c) Whole blood from pulmonary vein (d) Blood plasma.
55. What is true about Nereis, scorpion, cockroach and silver fish?
(a) They all posses dorsal heart
(b) None of them is aquatic
(c) They all belong to the same phylum
(d) They all have jointed paired appendages
56. Which type of white blood cells are concerned with the release of histamine and the natural anti- coagulant heparin?
(a) Neutrophils
(b) Basophils
(c) Eosinophils
(d) Monocytes
57. The most active phagocytic white blood cells are:
(a) neutrophils and eosinophils
(b) lymphocytes and macrophages
(c) eosinophils and lymphocytes
(d) neutrophils and monocytes
58. In humans, blood passes from the post caval to the diastolic right atrium of heart due to.
(a) pushing open of the venous valves
(b) suction pull
(c) stimulation of the sino auricular node
(d) pressure difference between the post caval and atrium
59. The most popularly known blood grouping is the ABO grouping. It is named ABO and not ABC, because ―O‖ in it refers to having:
(a) overdominance of this type on the genes for A and B types
(b) one antibody only – either anti – A or anti- B on the RBC;
(c) no antigens A and B on RBCs
(d) other antigens besides A and B on RBCs
60. Compared to blood our lymph has:
(a) plasma without proteins
(b) more WBCs and no RBCs
(c) more RBCs and less WBCs
(d) no plasma
61. There is no DNA in:
(a) mature RBCs
(b) a mature spermatozoan
(c) hair root
(d) an enucleated ovum
62. In a standard ECG which one of the following alphabets is the correct representation of the respective activity of the human heart?
(a) S – start of systole
(b) T – end of diastole
(c) P – depolarisation of the atria
(d) R – repolarisation of ventricles
63. Globulins contained in human blood plasma are primarily involved in:
(a) osmotic balance of body fluids
(b) oxygen transport in the blood
(c) clotting of blood
(d) defence mechanisms of body
64. ABO blood groups in humans are controlled by the gene I. It has three alleles – IA IB and i. Since there are three different alleles , six different genotypes are possible. How many phenotypes can occur?
(a) Three
(b) One
(c) Four
(d) Two
65. If due to some injury the chordae tendinae of the tricuspid valve of the human heart is partially non – functional, what will be the immediate
effect?
(a) The flow of blood into the aorta will be slowed down
(b) The ‗pacemaker‘ will stop working
(c) The blood will tend to flow back into the left atrium
(d) The flow of blood into the pulmonary artery will be reduced
66. What is true about RBCs in humans?
(a) They carry about 20–25 per cent of CO2
(b) They transport 99.5 per cent of O2
(c) They transport about 80 per cent oxygen only and the rest 20 per cent of it is transported in dissolved state in blood plasma
(d) They do not carry CO2 at all
67. Given below is the ECG of a normal human. Which one of its components in human is correctly interpreted below
(a) Complex QRS-One complete Pulse
(b) Peak T – Initiation of total cardiac contraction
(c) Peak P and Peak R together-Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
(d) Peak P- Initiation of left atrial contraction only
68. Bundle of His‘ is a part of which one of the following organs in humans?
(a) Brain
(b) Heart
(c) Kidney
(d) Pancreas
69. Which one of the following plasma proteins is involved in the coagulation of blood?
(a) an albumin
(b) serum amylase
(c) a globulin
(d) fibrinogen
70. Arteries are best defined as the vessels which:
(a) supply oxygenated blood to the different organs
(b) break up into capillaries which reunite to form one visceral organ
(c) break up into capillaries which reunite to form a vein
(d) carry blood from one visceral organ to another visceral organ
71. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding blood pressure?
(a) 130/90 mmHg is considered high and requires treatment
(b) 100/55 mmHg is considered an ideal blood pressure
(c) 105/50 mm Hg makes one very active
(d) 90/110 mmHg may harm vital organs like brain and kidney
72. Given below is the ECG of a normal human. Which one of its components in human is correctly interpreted below
(a) Complex QRS-One complete Pulse
(b) Peak T – Initiation of total cardiac contraction
(c) Peak P and Peak R together-Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
(d) Peak P- Initiation of left atrial contraction only
73. Bulk of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from body tissues into the blood is present as
(a) bicarbonate in blood plasma and RBCs
(b) free CO2 in blood plasma
(c) 70% carbamino- haemoglobin and 30% as bicarbonate
(d) carbamino-haemoglobin in RBCs
74. Which one of the following human organs is often called the graveyard of RBCs?
(a) Gall bladder
(b) Kidney
(c) Spleen
(d) Liver
76. Which one of the following human organs is often called the graveyard of RBCs?
(a) Gall bladder
(b) Kidney
(c) Spleen
(d) Liver
77. Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated mainly as
(a) urea in tadpole and ammonia in adult frog
(b) ammonia in tadpole and urea in adult frog
(c) urea in both tadpole and adult frog
(d) urea in tadpole and uric acid in adult frog
78. Adult human RBCs are enucleate. Which of the following statement(s) is/are most appropriate explanation for this feature?
(1) They do not need to reproduce.
(2) They are somatic cells.
(3) They do not metabolise.
(4) All their internal space is available for oxygen transport.
(a) Only (1)
(b) (1), (3) and (4)
(c) (2) and (3)
(d) Only (4)
79. ‘Intrinsic factor – x Activator complex ’ is
(a) Activated factor IX + AHG + Phospholipid + Mg2+
(b) Christmas factor IX + AHG + Phospholipid + Mg2+
(c) Activated christmas factor + AHG + Phospholipid + Ca2+
(d) Activated christmas factor + AHG + Glycolipid + Mg2+
80. Blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is
(a) less than that in the venae cavae
(b) more than that in the pulmonary vein
(c) more than that in the carotid
(d) same as that in the aorta
81. Hirudin is
(a) A protein produced by Hordeum vulgare,which is rich in lysine
(b) A protein produced from transgenic Brassica napus, which prevents blood clotting.
(c) A toxic molecule isolated from Gossypium hirusutum, which reduces human fertility
(d) An antibiotic produced by a genetically engineered bacterium, Escherichia coli.
82. Doctors use stethoscope to hear the sounds produced during each cardiac cycle. The second sound is heard when
(a) AV valves open up
(b) AV node receives signal from SA node
(c) Semilunar valves close down after the blood flows into vessels from ventricles.
(d) Ventricular walls vibrate due to gushing in of blood from atria
83.Person with blood group AB is considered as universal recipient because he has
(a) both A and B antibodies in the plasma
(b) both A and B antigens on RBC but no antibodies in the plasma
(c) both A and B antigens in the plasma but no antibodies.
(d) no antigen on RBC and no antibody in the plasma
84. A certain road accident patient with unknown blood group needs immediate blood transfusion. His one doctor friend at once offers his blood. What was the blood group of the donor?
(a) Blood group O
(b) Blood group A
(c) Blood group B
(d) Blood group AB
85. With reference to the blood in a normal person, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Compared to arteries, veins are less numerous and hold less of the body’s blood at any given time.
(b) White blood cells (WBC) are made by lymph nodes only.
(c) The blood has more platelets than WBC.
(d) Blood cells constitute about 70 percent of the total volume of the blood.
86. A vein possesses a large lumen because
(a) tunica media and tunica external form a single coat
(b) tunica media is a thin coat
(c) tunica internal and tunica media form a single coat
(d) tunica internal, tunica media and tunica external are thin
87. Three important proteins present in blood are
(a) Collagen, albumin, fibrinogen
(b) Globulin, albumin, collagen
(c) Albumin, globulin, Actin
(d) Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
88. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding blood pressure?
(a) 100/55 mm Hg is considered an ideal blood pressure.
(b) 130/90 mm Hg is considered high and requires treatment.
(c) 105/50 mm Hg makes one very active.
(d) 190/110 mm Hg may harm vital organs like brain and kidney.
89.What is correct for blood group O?
(a) No antigens but both a and b antibodies are present
(b) Antigen and antibody both absent
(c) A antigen and b antibody present
(d) A and B antigens and a, b antibodies present
90. Which of the following statements are wrong?
(i) Leucocytes disintegrate in the spleen and liver.
(ii) RBC, WBC and blood platelets are produced by bone marrow.
(iii) Neutrophils bring about destruction and detoxification of toxins of protein origin.
(iv) The important function of lymphocytes is to produce antibodies.
(a) (i) and (iv) only
(b) (i) and (ii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii) only
(d) (i) and (iii) only
91. The hemoglobin content per 100 ml of blood of a normal healthy human adult is
(a) 5 11 mg
(b) 25 30 mg
(c) 17 20 mg
(d) 12 16 mg
92. The life span of human WBC is approximately
(a) between 2 to 3 months
(b) more than 4 months
(c) less than 10 days
(d) between 20 to 30 days
93. The most active phagocytic white blood cells are
(a) neutrophils and monocytes
(b) eosinophils and lymphocytes
(c) lymphocytes and macrophages
(d) neutrophils and eosinophils
94. Which of the following statements is true for lymph?
(a) RBCs + WBCs + plasma
(b) RBCs + proteins + platelets
(c) WBC + serum
(d) Blood – RBCs and some proteins
95. In which point, pulmonary artery is different from pulmonary vein?
(a) Its wall is thick
(b) It has valves.
(c) Its lumen is broad.
(d) It does not possess endothelium
96. Which of the following is not the main function of lymph glands?
(a) Forming RBCs
(b) Forming antibodies
(c) Destroying bacteria
(d) Forming WBCs
97. A person with unknown blood group under ABO system, has suffered much blood loss in an accident and needs immediate blood transfusion. His friend who has valid certificate of his own blood type, offers for blood donation without delay. What would have been the type of blood group of the donor friend?
(a) Type B
(b) Type AB
(c) Type O
(d) Type A
98. Adult human RBCs are enucleated. Which of the following statement(s) is/are most appropriate explanation for this feature ?
(a) They do not need to reproduce
(b) They are somatic cells
(c) They do not metabolize
(d) All their internal space is available for oxygen transport
(a) only (a)
(b) (a), (c) and (d)
(c) (b) and (c)
(d) only (d)
99. The hepatic portal vein drains blood to liver from :
(a) Stomach
(b) Kidneys
(c) Intestine
(d) Heart
100. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below :
Column I Column II
a. Tricuspid valve i. Between left atrium and left ventricle
b. Bicuspid valve ii. Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
c. Semilunar valve iii. Between right atrium and right ventricle
a b c
(1) iii i ii
(2) i iii ii
(3) ii i iii
(4) i ii iii
101. Sweet potato is a modified
(a) Stem
(b) Adventitious root
(c) Rhizome
(d) Tap root
102. Match the Column-I with Column-II
Column-I Column-II
(a) P – wave (i) Depolarisation of ventricles
(b) QRS complex (ii) Repolarisation of ventricles
(c) T – wave (iii)Coronary ischemia
(d) Reduction in the (iv) Depolarisation of atira
size of T-wave (v) Repolarisation of atria
Select the correct option.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(2) (iv) (i) (ii) (v)
(3) (ii) (i) (v) (iii)
(4) (ii) (iii) (v) (iv)
103. What would be the heart rate of a person if the cardiac output is 5 L, blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole is 100 mL and at the end of ventricular systole is 50 mL?
(a) 50 beats per minute
(b) 75 beats per minute
(c) 100 beats per minute
(d) 125 beats per minute
104. The QRS complex in a standard ECG represents
(a) Depolarisation of ventricles
(b) Repolarisation of ventricles
(c) Repolarisation of auricles
(d) Depolarisation of auricles
105. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
Column – I Column – II
(a) Eosinophils (i) Immune response
(b) Basophils (ii) Phagocytosis
(c) Neutrophils (iii) Release histaminase, destructive enzymes
(d) Lymphocytes (iv) Release granules containing histamine
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(2) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(3) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(4) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
106. Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of inactive fibrinogens to fibrins?
(1) Thrombokinase
(2) Thrombin
(3) Renin
(4) Epinephrine
107. Persons with ‘AB’ blood group are called as “Universal recipients”. This is due to :
(a) Absence of antibodies, anti-A and anti-B, in plasma
(b) Absence of antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs
(c) Absence of antigens A and B in plasma
(d) Presence of antibodies, anti-A and anti-B, on RBCs
Solutions :
1.Solution: (d)
The blood of cockroach do not contain RBCs as it is not infact the blood but haemolymph which has some unpigmented free cells in plasma known as haemotocytes which have nothing to do with the transport of gases or respiration.
2.Solution: (b)
In this type of question one must answer reasonably as the breakdown products of haemoglobin are haem i.e. Iron & Globin protein which is then converted into yellowish substance bilirubin which is extracted by the liver cells from the blood & stored in the form of bile in gall bladder.
The more appropriate answer is Iron as we have to mark only one option. If one had liberty to mark both the options then he/she would have marked both bilirubin and Iron.
3.Solution: (b)
Rh factor was discovered by Karl Landsteiner. A child of Rh+ man will be Rh+ whether the mother is Rh+ or Rh–. If the mother is Rh+ then there will be no problem but if mother is Rh– so when the blood of Rh+ child (in womb) mixes with the blood of Rh– mother then some antibodies
in mother‘s blood are formed against Rh+ factor which coagulate the womb blood causing death. If birth takes place then there is a possibility of child death in early years. This in known as erythroblastosis foetalis. In most cases the Ist pregnancy may succeed but after that it fails.
4.Solution: (c)
Alkaptonuria (also known as blackurine disease) – excretion of large amount of alkapton in urine which when comes in the contact with light turn black and it is caused by gene mutation. Hematuria – presence of blood or RBCs in urine, proteinuria – presence of protein in the urine.
5.Solution: (d)
In sickle cell anaemia normal haemoglobin (HbA) gets changed in denatured form of haemoglobin (HbS) in which the haemoglobin molecule‘s configuration changes and it changes its shape in low O2 concentration & become useless for O2 transportation and RBCs become sickle
shaped. It is a genetic disease caused by the denaturation of haemoglobin that is why it is known as Hemolytic anaemia.
6.Solution: (c)
Haemophilia is a sex linked disease (linked with X chromosomes). In this disease blood lacks the thromboplastin protein which causes blood clotting during injury. In normal human blood clots in 2-6 min. While in haemophilic human it may take 3 hr. to 24 hr. due to which death may occur.
This disease was Ist discovered by Jon Catto in 1803. The most famous family in which the inheritance of this disease was found was the Royal families of Britain & Russia so it is called Royal disease.
7.Solution: (d)
Neutrophils are a type of Leucocyte (WBCs) that can take all types of stain (Acid-BasicNeutral). It is most abundant (60-70% of total WBCs) and most active type of WBCs i.e. they are the most actively phagocytic in nature.
8.Solution: (b)
Tricuspid valve is present between right auricle and right ventricle. It has 3 membranous flaps to check the flow of blood in reverse direction. Sinus venosus and right auricle is guarded by sinuatrial value. The opening of left auricle and left ventricle is guarded by bicuspid valve. The opening of ventricle and aorta is guarded by semilunar valves.
9.Solution: (c)
A has Antigen A & antibody b so it can have the same blood group or O has no any antigen & antibodies a & b so it is called universal donor.
10.Solution: (b)
Because the process of blood clotting starts when prothrombinase (an enzyme formed by Thromboplastin) catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin (an inactive protein in the blood plasma) into thrombin (active protein) and this reaction takes place in the presence of Ca2+. Now this thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which makes fibrin threads on polymerization & with blood corpuscles it make blood clot so if Ca2+ are removed from blood it‘ll prevent clotting. It may also be done by adding some antico-agulants eg. sodium & potassium oxalates in blood as
they precipitate Ca2+ present in the blood.
11.Solution: (a)
Pulmonary artery carries the blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation so it carries deoxygenated blood.
12.Solution: (d)
Veins have larger lumen because their middle layer i.e. tunica media which is made up of thick network of circular smooth muscles and elastic fibres in arteries (the wall of blood vessels is made up of tunica externa, tunica media & tunica interna) is thin in veins.
13.Solution: (b)
14.Solution: (c)
The walls of blood capillaries do not possess tunica externa (connective tissue layer containing lymph vessels), tunica media (a thick network of smooth muscle fibres) but only tunica interna (a single layer endothelium of squamous cells).
15.Solution: (c)
Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc-containing enzyme present in RBCs. In presence of this enzyme carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
16.Solution: (b)
Blood group A – Antigen-A & Antibody ‗b‘ or Anti A or a, Blood group B – Antigen-B & antibody a or Anti B or b Blood group AB – Antigen-A & B and no antibody. Blood group O – No antigen & Antibodies a & b both.
17.Solution: (d)
If the child has O blood group – Io Io If father has B blood group – IB IB or IB Io But if father has IB IB then child cannot have Io Io so father must have IB Io.
18.Solution: (b)
In foetus liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes & thymus are the haemopoietic organs (blood forming). In adults most of the blood corpuscles form in the peripheral region of Red bone marrow in long bones.
19.Solution: (b)
20.Solution: (d)
Endothelium.
21.Solution: (a)
Heart produces two types of sounds. 1st sound: ‗Lubb‘ produced by closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valves. 2nd sound: ‗Dup‘ produced by closure of semilunar valves present at the base of aorta to avoid back flow of blood into the ventricle.
22.Solution: (b)
Closed circulatory system means blood flows in some definite pipelines in some specific direction in more organized manner han that of open system in which blood does not flow in vessels.
23.Solution: (c)
Sino-Auricular node (S.A node) present in the walls of right auricle has a myogenic initiation of heartbeat in a regular fashion and controls the pace of heartbeat called pacemaker.
24.Solution: (a)
The inheritance of blood group is determined by some allelic genes which are IA, IB & Io. In one individual two allelic genes are present. Ia & Ib are dominant while Io is recessive in heterozygous condition. So if a child has a blood group O he/she must have IoIo & he/she cannot have the parents of blood group AB & AB/O.
25. Solution: (c)
An important function of lymph is to return interstitial fluid back to the blood. This interstitial fluid is also called extracellular fluid, which is formed from blood due to various factors, i.e. hydrostatic pressure, osmotic gradient etc.
26.Solution: (b)
Antigens are foreign proteins, which stimulate specific immune response (antibody) against itself when introduced into the body. They are present on the surface of cell wall.
27.Solution : (d)
The pulse making impulse travels in the heart in the order of SA node à AV node à bundles of His à Purkinje fibres à heart muscles
28.Solution: (a)
The leukaemia is a type of blood cancer, which is characterized by an uncontrolled increase in the number (through mitosis) of leucocytes in the blood.
29.Solution: (d)
Spleen and brain are the organs which receive only oxygenated blood. In gills and lungs blood picks up oxygen.
30.Solution: (d)
RBCs as well as plasma both carry oxygen and CO2 in dissolved and chemically combined form.
31.Solution: (a)
White blood cells are of two types: (i) Granulocytes (with granular cytoplasm) – neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. (ii) Agranulocytes (with clear cytoplasm) – Lymphocytes and monocytes
32. Solution: (a)
Most of the WBCs have a life span which is even less than 1 day. White blood cells or leukocytes are cells which form a component of the blood. They are produced in the bone marrow at a rate of about 1000 million per day and help to defend the body against infectious disease and foreign
materials as part of the immune system.
There are normally between 4×109 and 1.1×1010 white blood cells in a litre of healthy adult blood. In conditions such as leukemia this may rise to as many as 50,000 white blood cells in a single drop of blood (only 1% of blood on average is a
white blood cell).
As well as in the blood, white cells are also found in large numbers in the lymphatic system, the spleen, and in other body tissues. The white blood cells have a life span of 10 days.
33.Solution: (c)
Histamine is a potant vasodilator formed by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine and released by mast cells in response to appropriate antigens. Mast cells are especially prevalent in the connective tissue of the skin and respiratory tract and in surrounding blood vessels.
34. Solution: (b)
An adult human with average health has systolic and diastolic pressures as 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg respectively.
35.Solution: (c)
Blood group is determined by three alleles – IA, IB, and Io. Alleles IA and IB are codominant. Blood group A is determined
by IA IA or IA Io. Blood group B is IB IB or IB Io. Blood group O is Io Io. Blood group AB is IA IB.
36.Solution: (b)
SA is the site of generation of the rhythmic cardiac impulse. AV node is a compact mass of myogenic fibres which receives impulse from SA node and transmits it to ventricles. Purkinje fibres are in contact with the contractile muscles of the ventricular walls. Chordae tendinae are the muscles which keep the AV valves in position.
37.Solution: (d)
Arteries have thick wall and narrow lumen while veins have thin walls and large lumen. Arteries do not have valves.
38.Solution: (d)
Leucocytes are colourless, nucleated amoeboid cells found in blood which are devoid of haemoglobin and are capable of coming out of blood capillaries through the process of diapedesis. Fall of WBC count is called leucopenia, and occurs due to folic acid deficiency and AIDS etc.
39.Solution: (b)
Reduced protein synthesis causes thinning of hairs.
40.Solution: (b)
Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary disorder of autosomal nature caused by mutation of the gene controlling b-chain of haemoglobin. It involves substitution of glutamine by valine.
41.Solution: (a)
Blood group ‗O‘ is known as the universal donor since it does not contain antigens.
42.Solution: (a)
S.A node is called the pacemaker because it initiates the cardiac impulse AV node receives the impulse from the S.A node and transmits it to the ventricles
43.Solution: (b)
Lymph is colourless vascular connective tissue derived from tissue fluid. RBCs and platelets are absent. Only leucocytes and floating amoeboid lymphocytes are present.
44.Solution: (c)
Higher vertebrates exhibit double circulation of blood namely systemic and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation involves the distribution of oxygenated blood via the aorta from the heart to all parts of the body, and the collection of deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body through the great veins into the heart. Pulmonary circulation denotes the route impure blood takes from the heart to the lungs for purification and then back to the heart, the left auricle receives oxygenated blood and passes it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the pure blood to all
parts of the body through aorta. Hence these two chambers involved in systemic circulation are referred to as systemic heart.
45. Solution: (c)
The atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle), on entering the ventricles splits into right and left branches. These branches then enter the heart muscles. They branch extensively and are called Purkinje fibres. They conduct the cardiac impulse to the ventricular wall.
46.Solution: (c)
Blood group AB is also known as the universal recipient.
47.Solution: (a)
Presence of calcium will remove heparin – blood anti-coagulant and will promote blood clotting. Sodium oxalate and heparin containing test tubes will not allow the blood to clot.
48.Solution: (c)
SA node is the natural pacemaker located in the right atrium. SA node initiates the cardiac impulse. So, artificial pacemaker
will be grafted at the site of SA node.
49. Solution: (d)
The thymus is a major gland of our immune system. The thymus is responsible for production of T (thymus dervied) lymphocytes from immature lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells responsible for cell mediated immunity. Cell mediated immunity is extremely important for raising immune response against bacteria, yeast, fungi, parasites and virus. It is also critical in protecting against cancer, autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, allergies etc.
50. Solution: (b)
In insects circulating body fluid called hameolymph does not help in the respiratory gases circulation for the body. It only circulates the food and nutrients to the different body parts. Distribution of oxygen (respiration) takes place through small air chambers called spiracles.
51. Solution: (a)
Periplaneta (P. americana, the Indian Cockroach) is an insect & insects do not have closed blood circulation. Their blood (called haemolymph) even does not serve for respiration. They do not possess blood vessels in this circulatory system and hence it is an open system.
52.Solution: (a)
Transport of CO2 is much easier than O2 because of the higher solubility of CO2 than O2. Almost 7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved state in plasma. About 23% of the CO2 is transported in the form of Carbamino Compound called carbamino haemoglobin. 70% of CO2 is transported in
the form of bicarbonate ions. CO2 reacts with water present in plasma. Carbonic acid is unstable & gives H+ and HCO3–. H+ bind with haemoglobin to maintain the pH of blood while HCO3– remain in the blood and carries the CO2 to lungs.
53.Solution: (a)
Folic Acid (Cyanocobalamine vit. B12) works in the formation and maturation of RBCs. In the deficiency of this RBCs formation decreases and the formed RBCs will not mature i.e. they will not loose the nucleus and hence remain nucleated and lack haemoglobin. Such RBCs cannot carry
oxygen & person suffers from anaemia. Supplementing his diet with folic acid and cobalamine will lead to the increased formation and proper maturation of enucleated RBCs with haemoglobin and eliminate anaemia.
54.Solution: (a)
Blood serum is liquid minus clotting elements of pale yellow colour. It does not have fibrinogen and other clotting materials. It does not take part in blood clotting.
55.Solution: (a)
Neries (belonging to class polychaeta of phylum Annelida), scorpion and cockroach (belonging to phylum arthropoda) and silver fish all have dorsal heart.
56.Solution: (b)
Basophil is a type of white blood cell (leucocyte) that has a lobed nucleus surrounded by granular cytoplasm. Basophils are produced continually by stem cells in the red bone marrow & move about in an amoeboid fashion. Like, mast cells, they produce histamine and heparin as part of the body‘s defences at the site of an infection or injury.
57.Solution: (d)
The most active phagocytic white blood cells are neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil is a type of WBC (leucocyte) that has a lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm. Neutrophils engulf bacteria and release various substance such as lysozyme and oxidizing agents. Monocyte is the
largest form of WBC in vertebrates. It has a kidney shaped nucleus and is actively phagocytic, ingesting bacteria and cells debris.
58.Solution: (b)
In human, blood passes from the post caval to the diastolic right atrium of heart due to suction pull.
59.Solution: (c)
The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion. It is named ABO and not ABC, because blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (ie A, B, O or AB).
60.Solution: (b)
Lymph Is a mobile connective tissue comprising lymph plasma and lymph corpuscles. Its composition is just like blood plasma except that it lacks RBCs and large plasma proteins.
61.Solution: (a)
Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood. There is no DNA in mature RBC. The reticulocyte is the immediate precursor of the mature RBC and, within 24 hours of release into the peripheral circulation, evolves into the
mature RBC.
62.Solution: (c)
In a standard ECG, the P-wave is a small upward wave that indicates the depolarisation of the atria. This is caused by the activation of SA node.
63. Solution: (d)
Globulins contained in human blood plasma are primarily involved, in defence mechanism of body. Globulin is one of the two types of serum proteins, the other being albumin. Globulins can be divided into three fractions based on their electrophoretic mobility. Most of the alpha
and beta globulins are synthesized by the liver, whereas gamma globulins are produced by lymphocytes and plasma cells in lymphoid tissue.
64.Solution: (c)
65. Solution: (d)
Tricuspid valve is the valve in the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle. The valve opens to allow blood to flow from atrium into the ventricle. Thus if tricuspid valve is partially nonfunctional, then the flow of blood into the pulmonary artery will be reduced.
66.Solution: (a)
Blood transports oxygen from respiratory organs to the tissue cells and also transports carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the respiratory membrane. About 97% of oxygen is transported by RBCs in the blood while the remaining three percent of oxygen is carried in a dissolved state
through plasma. Nearly 20-25% of carbon dioxide is transported by RBCs whereas 70% is carried as bicarbonate. About 7% of CO2 is carried in dissolved state through plasma.
67.Solution: (c)
Peak P-causes diastolic phase in ventricle while R-Peak causes systole in ventricle means diastolic and systolic phases represented by P & R.
68.Solution: (b)
‗Bundle of His‘ are a typical cardiac muscle fibres, connecting the atria with ventricle.
69.Solution: (d)
Fibrinogen, the protein of blood plasma is converted to insoluble protein fibrin during the clotting process. The fibrinogen free fluid obtained after removal of the clot, called blood serum is plasma minus fibrinogen.
70. Solution: (b)
Arteries are the vessels which break up into capillaries which reunite to form one visceral organ.
71. Solution: (d)
90/110 mmHg may harm vital organs like brain and kidney. This is called hypertension which can give rise to increased heart rate and palpitation.
72.Solution: (c)
Peak P-causes diastolic phase in ventricle while R-Peak causes systole in ventricle means diastolic and systolic phases represented by P & R.
73.Solution: (a)
70% to 75% CO2 is transported as primary buffer of the blood. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3) in blood plasma. When CO2 diffuses from tissues into blood then it is acted upon by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
74.Solution: (c)
Spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system located in the left side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the abdomen and the chest. It is called graveyard of RBC because fragment of red blood cells, old and dead cells are constantly being removed from the blood streams by it.
75.Solution: (d)
76.Solution: (c)
Spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system located in the left side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the abdomen and the chest. It is called graveyard of RBC because fragment of red blood cells, old and dead cells are constantly being removed from the blood streams by it.
77.Solution: (b)
Ammonia molecules are small and very soluble in water. In ammonotelic animals large amount of H2O is required to eliminate ammonia from the body, so it is found in aquatic animals like tadpole of frog. When tadpole becomes a mature frog it acquires mainly ureotelis which the inheritance of this disease was found was the Royal families of Britain & Russia so it is called Royal disease.
78(d) In Human RBCs, Red blood cells , nucleus degenerates during maturation which provide more space for oxygen carrying pigment (Haemoglobin). It lacks most of the cell organelles including mitochondria so respires anaerobically.
79.(c) Activated christmas factor + AHG + Phospholipid + Ca2+
80.(b) Blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is more than that in the pulmonary vein because blood is forced inside them from heart and also their lumen is narrow
81.(b) The protein hirudin present in leech, prevents blood clotting. The gene was chemically synthesized and introduced in Brassica napas and later on the seeds contained the protein.
82.(c) Second Heart Sound (S2) The second hear sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. The second sound is heard when Semilunar valves close down after the blood flows into vessels from ventricles.
83.(b) AB positive blood type is known as the “universal recipient” because AB positive patients can receive red blood cells from all blood types. People with type AB+ blood are universal recipients because they have no antibodies to A, B or Rh in their blood and can receive red blood cells from a donor of any blood type. Plasma transfusions are matched to avoid A and B antibodies in the transfused plasma that will attack the recipient’s red blood cells.
84.(a) Blood group of O because the person having O blood group is universal donor. It lacks both antigens ‘A’ and ‘B’ thus does not cause agglutination or clumping of blood cells when transfused into person with any of the four blood groups.
85.(d) Blood has more platelets than corpuscles. A microlitre of blood contains 5,000-10,000 of White blood cells (WBC) and 150,000-500,000 platelets.
86.(b) The tunica media is comparatively thin in the veins making a large lumen in veins.
87.(d) Three important proteins present in blood are Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen. Blood proteins help your body produce substances it needs to function. These substances include hormones, enzymes and antibodies.
88.(d) 190/110 mm Hg may harm vital organs like brain and kidney.
89.(a) Human blood groups are special characteristics of blood in human and related primates due to presence of genetically controlled antigens and antibodies n blood of ‘O’ group no antigense are present on red blood cells, but both anti-a and anti-b antibodies are present in plasma.
90.(d) Leucocytes disintegrate in blood, liver and lymph nodes. Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature i.e., they engulf harmful germs.
91.(d) 12-14
92.(d) WBCs (also called leucocytes) are rounded or irregular colourless cells with a nucleus. They can change their shape and are capable of amoeboid movement. Leucocytes, formed in lymph nodes and red bone marrow, can produce antibodies and move through the walls of vessels to migrate to the sites of injuries, where they surround and isolate dead tissue, foreign bodies and bacteria. They survive for a few days generally 34 days after which they die and get phagocytized in blood, liver and lymph nodes.
93.(a)The most active phagocytic white blood cells are neutrophils and monocytes. Phagocytes are cells that are able to engulf and breakdown foreign particles, cell debris and disease producing microorganisms.
94.(d) Lymph differs from blood in lacking RBCs, platelets and some plasma proteins and in having less calcium and phosphorus than the blood.
95.(a) Its wall is thick
96.(c) Cells of lymph nodes perform the following functions. (a) produce lymphocytes (b) synthesise antibodies (c) destroy bacteria by phagocytosis.
97.(b) The blood group was O. The person having O blood group is universal donor. It lacks both antigens ‘A’ and ‘B’ thus does not cause agglutination or clumping of blood cells when transfused into person with any of the four blood groups.
98 (d)The circular mammalian erythrocyte is synthesized in the bone marrow. After synthesis, it undergoes a process called enucleation in which the nucleus is removed. The absence of a nucleus allows the red blood cells to contain more hemoglobin and hence all their internal space is available for oxygen transport in order to the body tissues. As they do not have any organelle, it does not show any metabolic activity and multiplication.
99. (c)The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of the head of the pancreas
100 (a)The tricuspid valve is one of the two main valves on the right side of your heart. Normally, the tricuspid valve has three flaps (leaflets) that open and close, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle in your heart and preventing blood from flowing backward.
A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is an aortic valve that only has two leaflets, instead of three. The aortic valve regulates blood flow from the heart into the aorta. The aorta is the major blood vessel that brings oxygen-rich blood to the body.
The semilunar valves act to prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries. The aortic semilunar valve separates the left ventricle from the opening of the aorta
101 (b)Adventitious roots are plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue and are produced both during normal development (crown roots on cereals and nodal roots on strawberry [Fragaria spp.]) and in response to stress conditions, such as flooding, nutrient deprivation, and wounding.
Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root for storage of food
Rhizomes are modified stems running underground horizontally. They strike new roots out of their nodes, down into the soil. They also shoot new stems up to the surface out of their nodes. This rhizome activity represents a form of plant reproduction. These underground plant parts also store nutrients
A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward.
103 (b)
The P wave represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria, and is usually 0.08 to 0.10 seconds (80-100 ms) in duration
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. Ventricular rate can be calculated by determining the time interval between QRS complexes. The duration of the QRS complex is normally 0.06 to 0.10 seconds.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. Generally, the T wave exhibits a positive deflection. The reason for this is that the last cells to depolarize in the ventricles are the first to repolarize.
Reduction in the size of T-wave i.e. if the T-wave represents insufficient supply of oxygen.
104(c)
Cardiac output = stroke volume × Heart rate
⇒ Cardiac output =5L or 5000 mL
⇒ Blood volume in ventricles at the end of diastole =100 ml
⇒ Blood volume is ventricles at the end of systole =50ml
Strole volume =100−50
=50ml.
5000ml =50ml × Heart rate
Heart rate =100 beats per minute
105 (a)Atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization are represented on the ECG as a series of waves: the P wave followed by the QRS complex and the T wave.
The first deflection is the P wave associated with right and left atrial depolarization. Wave of atrial repolarization is invisible because of low amplitude.
Ventricular depolarization and activation is represented by the QRS complex,
T wave represents ventricular repolarization
106 (b) During coagulation of blood, an enzyme complex thrombokinase helps in the conversion of prothrombin (present in plasma) into thrombin. Thrombin further helps in the conversion of inactive fibrinogens into fibrins which form network of threads. Renin is secreted by JG cells in response to fall in
glomerular blood flow, which converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin-I
Epinephrine or adrenaline is secreted by adrenal medulla in response to stress of any kind and during emergency.
107(a) persons with ‘AB’ blood group contain antigens ‘A’ and ‘B’ but lack antibodies anti-A and anti-B in plasma. So, persons with ‘AB’ blood group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood due to lack of antibodies in their blood. Therefore, such persons are called “Universal recipients”.
