1. Humming bird and Hawk illustrate
(a) Convergent evolution
(b) Homology
(c) Adaptive radiation
(d) Parallel evolution
2. Phenomenon of organisms resembling others for escaping from enemies is
(a) Adaptation
(b) Mimicry
(c) Homology
(d) Analogy
3. Evolution is
(a) progressive development of a race
(b) history and development of a race
alongwith variations
(c) history of a race
(d) development of a race
4. ―Continuity of germplasm theory was given by
(a) de Vries
(b) Weismann
(c) Darwin
(d) Lamarck
5. Theory of inheritance of acquired characters was given by
(a) Wallace
(b) Lamarck
(c) Darwin
(d) De Vries
6. Origin‘ of species‘ was written by
(a) Oparin
(b) Weismann
(c) Lamarck
(d) Darwin
7. Parallelism is
(a) adaptive divergence
(b) adaptive divergence of widely separated species
(c) adaptive convergence of widely different species
(d) adaptive convergence of closely related groups
8. Basic principles of embryonic development were pronounced by
(a) Van Baer
(b) Weismann
(c) Haeckel
(d) Morgan
9. Which was absent in the atmosphere at the time of origin of life?
(a) NH3
(b) H2
(c) O2
(d) CH4
10. Correct order is
(a) Palaeozoic → Archaeozoic →Coenozoic
(b) Archaeozoic → Palaeozoic →Proterozoic
(c) Palaeozoic → Mesozoic → Coenozoic
(d) Mesozoic → Archaeozoic → Proterozoic
11. The first organisms were
(a) Chemoautotrophs
(b) Chemoheterotrophs
(c) Autotrophs
(d) Eucaryotes
12. Evolutionary convergence isdevelopment of
(a) common set of characters in group of different ancestry
(b) dissimilar characters in closely related groups
(c) common set of characters in closely related groups
(d) random mating.
13. Weismann cut off tails of mice generation after generation but tails neither disappeared nor shortened showing that
(a) Darwin was correct
(b) Tail is an essential organ
(c) Mutation theory is wrong
(d) Lamarckism was wrong in inheritance of acquired characters.
14. Theory of Natural selection dwells on
(a) role of environment in evolution
(b) natural selection acting on favourable variations
(c) changes in gene complex resulting in heritable variations
(d) none of these
15. Genetic drift is change of
(a) gene frequency in same generation
(b) appearance of recessive genes
(c) gene frequency from one generation to next
(d) none of the above
16. Frequency of a character increases when it is
(a) recessive
(b) dominant
(c) inheritable
(d) adaptable
17. Which one does not favour Lamarckian concept of inheritance of acquired characters?
(a) Lack of pigment in cave dwellers
(b) Absence of limbs in snakes
(c) Presence of webbed toes in aquatic birds
(d) Melanisation of Peppered Moth in industrial areas.
18. Which one is irrelevant to evolution of man?
(a) Perfection of hand for tool making
(b) Change of diet from hard nuts/roots to soft food
(c) Increased ability to communicate or develop community behaviour
(d) Loss of tail
19. ‗Golden Age of Dinosaurs‘/ Age of reptiles was
(a) Mesozoic
(b) Coenozoic
(c) Palaeozoic
(d) Psychozoic
20. Homologous organs are
(a) Wings of insects and Bat
(b) Gills of Fish and lungs of Rabbit
(c) Pectoral fins of Fish and fore limbs of Horse
(d) Wings of Grosshopper and Crow
21. The earliest fossil form in the phylogeny of Horse is
(a) Merychippus
(b) Mesohippus
(c) Eohippus
(d) Equus.
22. Two geographical regions separated by high mountains are
(a) Oriental and Australian
(b) Palaearctic and Oriental
(c) Nearctic and Palaearctic
(d) Neotropical and Ethiopian
23. The presence of gill slits, in the embryos of all vertebrates, supports the theory of
(a) biogenesis
(b) recapitulation
(c) metamorphosis
(d) organic evolution
24. The homologous organs are those that show similarity in
(a) size
(b) origin
(c) function
(d) appearance
25. The closely related morphologically similar sympatric populations, but reproductively isolated, are designated as
(a) clines
(b) demes
(c) clones
(d) sibling species
26. The kind of evolution in which two species of different geneology come to resemble one another closely, is termed as
(a) progressive evolution
(b) convergent evolution
(c) parallel evolution
(d) retrogressive evolution
27. Identify the correct sequence in which the following substances have appeared during the course of evolution of life on earth
(a) Glucose, amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins
(b) Ammonia, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids
(c) Water, amino acids, nucleic acids,enzymes
(d) Amino acids, ammonia, phosphates,nucleic acids
28. Which one of the following sets includes only the vestigial structures in man?
(a) Body hair, olecranon process, coccyx,patella
(b) Wisdom teeth, mammary glands,coccyx, patella
(c) Coccyx, nictitating membrane,vermiform appendix, ear muscles
(d) Coccyx, body hair, ear ossicles,vermiform appendix
29. Extremities, tail and ear are relatively shorter in animals living in cooler regions as compared to those inhabiting warmer zones. This is
(a) Bergman’s Rule
(b) Jordan’s Rule
(c) Gloger’s Rule
(d) Allen’s Rule
30. In the evolution of man, several changes occured in the ancestral characters. Which one of the following changes is irrelevant in this context?
(a) Loss of tail from body
(b) Increase in the ability to communicate with others and develop community behaviour
(c) Change of diet from fruits, hard nuts and roots to softer food
(d) Perfection in the structure and working of hand for tool-making
31. Which one of the following is regarded as the direct ancestor of modern man?
(a) Homo erectus
(b) Ramapithecus
(c) Homo habilis
(d) Australopithecus
32. Common origion of man and chimpanzee is best shown by
(a) Banding pattern in chromosomes number 3 and 6
(b) Cranial capacity
(c) Binocular vision
(d) Dental formula
33. Which one of the following statements about fossil human species is correct?
(a) Fossils of Homo neanderthalensis have been found recently in South America
(b) Neanderthal man and Cro-Magnon man did exist for sometime together
(c) Australopithecus fossils have been found in Australia
(d) Homo erectus was preceded by Homo habilis
34. Which one of the following includes all homologous organs?
(a) The wing of butterfly, wing of bird, wing (patagia) of bat
(b) The fore limb of frog, wing of bird and fore limb of rabbit
(c) The thoracic leg of cockroach, the hind leg of frog and fore leg of rabbit
(d) The wing of bird, wing of bat and wing of “flying” lizard
35. In general, in the developmental history of a mammalian heart, it is observed that it passes through a twochambered fish-like heart, threechambered frog-like heart and finally tofour-chambered stage. To which hypothesis can this above cited statement be approximated?
(a) Hardy-Weinberg Law
(b) Lamarck’s Principle
(c) Biogenetic Law
(d) Mendelian Principles
36. Genetic drift operates only in
(a) smaller Populations
(b) larger Populations
(c) mendelian Populations
(d) island Populations
37. The age of the fossil of Dryopithecus on the geological time scale is
(a) 5 × 106years back
(b) 25 × 106years back
(c) 50 × 106years back
(d) 75 × 106years back
38. Life cannot originate from inorganic materials at present because of
(a) a very high amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
(b) very low atmospheric temperature
(c) absence of raw materials
(d) high degree of environmental pollution
39. Diversity in the type of beaks of finches adapted to different feeding habits on the Galapagos Islands, as observed by Darwin, provides evidence for
(a) Intraspecific variations
(b) Intraspecific competition
(c) Interspecific competition
(d) Origin of Species by natural selection
40. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Cro-Magnon man’s fossil has been found in Ethiopia
(b) Homo erectus is the ancestor of man
(c) Neanderthal man is the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens
(d) Australopithecus is the real ancestor of modern man
41. Which is not a vestigial part in humans?
(a) Segmental muscles of abdomen
(b) Finger nails
(c) Third molar
(d) Coccyx
42. During organ differentiation in Drosophila an organ is often modified to another organ such as wings could be replaced by legs. Genes responsible for such metamorphosis are called
(a) Homeotic genes
(b) Plastid genes
(c) Double dominant genes
(d) Complimentary genes
43. Homo sapiens evolved during
(a) Pleistocene
(b) Oligocene
(c) Pliocene
(d) Miocene
44. Which of the following primate is the closest relative of humans?
(a) Rhesus monkey
(b) Orangutan
(c) Gorilla
(d) Gibbon
45. Which one of the following features is closely related with the evolution of humans?
(a) Loss of tail
(b) Shortening of jaws
(c) Binocular vision
(d) Flat nails
46. Darwin‘s finches provide an excellent evidence in favour of evolution. This evidence comes from the field of
(a) Biogeography
(b) Anatomy
(c) Embryology
(d) Palaentology
47. Similarities in organism with different genotype indicates
(a) Microevolution
(b) Macroevolution
(c) Convergent evolution
(d) Divergent evolution
48. Which of following is closest relative of man?
(a) Chimpanzee
(b) Gorilla
(c) Orangutan
(d) Gibbon
49. Which of the following is correct order of evolutionary history of man?
(a) Peking man, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal, Cro-magnon
(b) Peking, Neanderthal, Homo sapiens,Cromagnon
(c) Pekingman, Heidelbergman,Neanderthal, Cro-magnon
(d) Peking man, Neanderthel, Homo sapiens, Heidelberg man
50. Darwin‘s theory of pangenesis shows similarity with theory of inheritance of acquired characters then what shall be correct according to it?
(a) Useful organs become strong and developed while useless organs become extinct. These organs help in struggle for survival
(b) Size of organs increase with ageing
(c) Development of organs is due to will power
(d) There should be come physical basis of inheritance
51. Occurrence of endemic species in South America and Australia is due to (a) These species have been extinct from other regions
(b) Continental separation
(c) There is no terrestial route to these places
(d) Retrogressive evolution
52. Half life period of C is about
(a) 500 years
(b) 5000 years
(c) 50 years
(d) 5 × 104years
53. Which of the following are homologous organs?
(a) Wings of birds and locust
(b) Wings of birds (sparrow) and pectoral fins of fish
(c) Wings of bat and butterfly
(d) Legs of frog and cockroach
54. There is no life on moon due to the absence of
(a) O2
(b) water
(c) light
(d) temperature
55. Sequence of which of the followings is used to know the phylogeny?
(a) mRNA
(b) rRNA
(c) tRNA
(d) DNA
56. In which era reptiles were dominant?
(a) Coenozoic era
(b) Mesozoic era
(c) Palaeozoic era
(d) Archaeozoic era
57. Two different species can not live for long duration in the same niche or habitat. This law is
(a) Allen’s law
(b) Gause’s hypothesis
(c) Dollo’s rule
(d) Weisman’s theory
58. Which of the following is most important for speciation?
(a) Seasonal isolation
(b) Reproductive isolation
(c) Behavioural isolation
(d) Tropical isolation
59. According to fossils discovered up to present time origin and evolution of man was started from
(a) France
(b) Java
(c) Africa
(d) China
60. In which condition the gene ratio remains constant for any species?
(a) Sexual selection
(b) Random mating
(c) Mutation
(d) Gene flow
61. In recent years, DNA sequences (nucleotide sequence) of mt-DNA and Y chromosomes were considered for the study of human evolution, because
(a) they can be studied from the samples of fossil remains
(b) they are small, and therefore, easy to study
(c) they are uniparental in origin and do not take part in recombination
(d) their structure is known in greater detail
62. Which one of the following sequences was proposed by Darwin and Wallace for organic evolution?
(a) Variations, natural selection,overproduction, constancy of population size
(b) Overproduction, variations, constancy of population size, natural selection
(c) Variations, constancy of population size,overproduction, natural selection
(d) Overproduction, constancy of population selection
63. Industrial melanism is an example of
(a) defensive adaptation of skin against ultraviolet radiations
(b) drug resistance
(c) darkening of skin due to smoke from industries
(d) protective resemblance with the surroundings
64. In a random mating population in equilibrium, which of the following brings about a change in gene frequency in a non-directional manner?
(a) Migration
(b) Mutations
(c) Random drift
(d) Selection
65. Convergent evolution is illustrated by
(a) dogfish and whale
(b) rat and dog
(c) bacterium and protozoan
(d) starfish and cuttle fish
66. Which one of the following describes correctly the homologous structures?
(a) Organs appearing only in embryonic stage and disappearing later in the adult
(b) Organs with anatomical similarities, but performing different functions
(c) Organs with anatomical dissimilarities,but performing same function
(d) Organs that have no function now, but had an important function in ancestors
67. Darwin in his ‘Natural Selection Theory’ did not believe in any role of which one of the following in organic evolution?
(a) Discontinuous variations
(b) Parasites and predators as natural enemies
(c) Survival of the fittest
(d) Struggle for existence
68. Random genetic drift in a population probably results from
(a) small population size
(b) highly genetically variable individuals
(c) interbreeding within this population
(d) constant low mutation rate
69. Presence of gills in the tadpole of frog indicates that
(a) fishes were amphibious in the past
(b) fishes evolved from frog-like ancestors
(c) frogs will have gills in future
(d) frogs evolved from gilled ancestors
70. What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related with chimpanzee than with other hominoid apes?
(a) Evidence from DNA from sex chromosomes only
(b) Comparison of chromosomes morphology only
(c) Evidence from fossil remains, and the fossil mitochondrial DNA alone
(d) Evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes, autosomes and mitochondria
71. Age of fossils in the past was generally determined by radio-carbon method and other methods involving radioactive elements found in the rocks. More precise methods, which were used recently and led to the revision of the evolutionary periods for different groups of organisms, includes
(a) study of carbohydrates/proteins in fossils
(b) study of the conditions of fossilization
(c) electron spin resonance (ESR) and fossil DNA
(d) study of carbohydrates/proteins in rocks
72. According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth
(a) Methane
(b) Oxygen
(c) Hydrogen
(d) Water vapour
73. Which of the following is the relatively most accurate method for dating of fossils?
(a) Radio-carbon method
(b) Potassium-argon method
(c) Electron-spin resonance method
(d) Uranium-lead method
74. Animals have the innate ability to escape from predation. Examples for the same are given below. Select the incorrect example.
(a) Colour change in Chameleon
(b) Enlargement of body size by swallowing air in puffer fish
(c) Poison fangs in snakes
(d) Melanism in moths
75. There are two opposing views about origin of modern man. According to one view Homo erectus in Asia were the ancestors of modern man. A study of variation of DNA however suggested African origin of modern man. What kind of observation on DNA, variation could suggest this?
(a) Greater variation in Asia than in Africa
(b) Greater variation in Africa than in Asia
(c) Similar variation in Africa and Asia
(d) Variation only in Asia and no variation in Africa
76. Which one of the following experiments suggests that simplest living organisms could not have originated spontaneously from nonliving
matter?
(a) Larvae could appear in decaying organic matter.
(b) Microbes did not appear in stored meat
(c) Microbes appeared from unsterilized organic matter
(d) Meat was not spoiled, when heated and kept sealed in a vessel.
77. Which one of the following phenomena supports Darwin‘s concept of natural selection in organic evolution?
(a) Development of transgenic animals
(b) Production of ‗Dolly‘, the sheep by cloning
(c) Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects
(d) Development of organs from ‗stem cells‘for organ transplantation
78. Using imprints from a plate with complete medium and carrying bacterial colonies, you can select streptomycin resistant mutants and prove that such mutations do not originate as adaptation. These imprints need to be used
(a) on plates with and without streptomycin
(b) on plates with minimal medium
(c) only on plates with streptomycin
(d) only on plates without streptomycin.
79. de Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution while working on:
(a) Pisum sativum
(b) Drosophila melanogaster
(c) Oenothera lamarckiana
(d) Althea rosea
80. Which one of the following aminoacid was not found to be synthesized in Miller’s experiment?
(a) Aspartic acid
(b) Glutamic acid
(c) Alanine
(d) Glycine
81. Jurassic period of the mesozoic era was characterised by
(a) Radiation of reptiles and origin of mammal – like reptiles
(b) Dinosaurs became extinct and angiosperms appeared
(c) Flowering plants and first dinosaurs appeared.
(d) Gymnosperms were dominant plants and first birds appeared.
82. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as
(a) Ancestry
(b) Paleontology
(c) Ontogeny
(d) Phylogeny
83. An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is the occurrence of
(a) Analogous and vestigial organs
(b) Homologous organs only
(c) Homologous and analogous organs
(d) Homologous and vestigial organs
84. Which one of the following is not a living fossil?
(a) Sphenodon
(b) Archaeopteryx
(c) Peripatus
(d) King crab
85. When two species of different genealogy come to resemble each other as a result of adaptation, the phenomenon is termed
(a) microevolution
(b) co-evolution
(c) convergent evolution
(d) divergent evolution
86. Among the human ancestors the brain size was more that 1000 cc in
(a) Homo erectus
(b) Ramapithecus
(c) Homo habilis
(d) Homo neanderthalensis
87. Which one of the following statement is correct?
(a) There is no evidence of the existence of gills during embryogenesis of mammals
(b) All plant and animal cells are totipotent
(c) Ontogeny repeats phylogeny
(d) Stem cells are specialize cells.
88. The concept of chemical evolution is based on
(a) interaction of water, air and clay under intense heat
(b) effect of solar radiation on chemicals
(c) possible origin of life by combination of chemicals under suitable environmental conditions
(d) crystallization of chemicals.
89. The finches of Galapagos islands provide an evidence in favour of
(a) evolution due to mutation
(b) retrogressive evolution
(c) biogeographical evolution
(d) special creation.
90. What is common between parrot, platypus and kangaroo?
(a) Toothless jaws
(b) Functional post-end tail
(c) Ovoparity
(d) Homeothermy
91. Which one of the following is a matching pair of a body feature and the animal possessing it?
(a) Ventral central – Leech nervous system
(b) Pharyngeal gill slits – Chameleon absent in embryo
(c) Ventral heart – Scorpion
(d) Post-end tail – Octopus.
92. What is common to whale, seal and shark?
(a) Thick subcutaneous fat
(b) Convergent evolution
(c) Homoiothermy
(d) Seasonal migration.
93. Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that
(a) the melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area
(b) the lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area
(c) melanism is a pollution-generated feature
(d) the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation
94. Adaptive radiation refers to (a) evolution of different species from a common ancestor
(b) migration of members of a species to different geographical areas
(c) power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environments
(d) adaptations due to geographical isolation.
95. One of the important consequences of geographical isolation is
(a) preventing speciation
(b) speciation through reproductive isolation
(c) random creation of new species
(d) no change in the isolated fauna.
96. Which one of the following in birds, indicates their reptilian ancestry?
(a) Scales on their hind limbs
(b) Four-chambered heart
(c) Two special chambers crop and gizzard in their digestive tract
(d) Eggs with a calcareous shell
97. Which one of the following scientists name is correctly matched with the theory put forth by him?
(a) Weismann – Theory of continuity of Germplasm
(b) Pasteur – Inheritance of acquired characters
(c) De Vries – Natural selection
(d) Mendel – Theory of Pangenesis
98. Darwinism finches are an excellent example of
(a) adaptive radiation
(b) seasonal migration
(c) brood parasitism
(d) connecting links
99. Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of cucurbita are example of
(a) analogous organs
(b) homologous organs
(c) vestigial organs
(d) retrogressive evolution
100. Which one of the following pairs of items correctly belongs to the category of organs mentioned against it?
(a) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita – Analogous organs
(b) Nictitating membrane and blind spot in human eye – Vestigial organs
(c) Nephridia of earthworm and malpighian tubules of Cockroach – Excretory organs
(d) Wings of honey bee and wings of crow -Homologous organs
101. Which one of the following is incorrect about the characteristics of protobionts (coacervates and microspheres) as envisaged in the
biogenic origin of life?
(a) They were able to reproduce
(b) They could separate combinations of molecules from the surroundings
(c) They were partially isolated from the surroundings
(d) They could maintain an internal environement
102. Peripatus is a connecting link between:
(a) Mollusca and Echinodermata
(b) Annelida and Arthropoda
(c) Coelenterata and Porifera
(d) Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes
103. Darwin‘s finches are a good example of:
(a) Industrial melanism
(b) Connecting link
(c) Adaptive radiation
(d) Convergent evolution
104. What was the most significant trend in evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors?
(a) Upright posture
(b) Shortening of jaws
(c) Binocular vision
(d) lncreasing brain capacity
105. Evolution of different species in a given area starting from a point and spreading to other geographical areas is known as:
(a) Adaptive radiation
(b) Natural selection
(c) Migration
(d) Divergent evolution
106. Which one of the following options gives one correct example each of convergent evolution and divergent evolution? Convergent evolution —
Divergent evolution
(a) Eyes of octopus and mammals — Bones of forelimbs of vertebrates
(b) “Thorns of Bougainvillia and tendrils of Cucurbita” — Wings of butterflies and birds
(c) Bones of forelimbs of vertebrates –Wings of butterfly and birds
(d) “Thorns of Bougainvillia and tendrils of Cucurbita” — Eyes of Octopus and mammals
107. What was the most significant trend in the evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors?
(a) Shortening of jaws
(b) Binocular vision
(c) Increasing cranial capacity
(d) Upright posture
108. The extinct human who lived 1,00,000 to 40,000 years ago, in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, With short stature, heavy eyebrows, retreating fore heads, large jaws with heavy teeth,stocky bodies, a lumbering gait and stooped posture was
(a) Homo habilis
(b) Neanderthal human
(c) Cro-magnan humans
(d) Ramapithecus
109. The idea of mutations was brought forth by
(a) Gregor Mendel, who worked on Pisum sativum.
(b) Hugo de Vries, who worked on evening primrose.
(c) Hardy Weinberg, who worked on allele frequencies in a population.
(d) Charles Darwin, who observed a wide variety of organisms during sea voyage.
110. The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar function. This is an example of:
(a) Homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(b) Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
(c) Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(d) Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
111. The process by which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to a common environmental hallenge, is called:
(a) Convergent evolution
(b) Non-random evolution
(c) Adaptive radiation
(d) Natural selection
112. Variation in gene frequencies within populations can occur by chance rather than by natural section. The is referred to as:
(a) Genetic drift
(b) Random mating
(c) Genetic load
(d) Genetic flow
113. According to Darwin, The organic evolution is due to:
(a) Interspecific competition
(b) Competition within closely related species
(c) Reduced feeding efficiency in one species
(d) Intraspecific competition
114. Random unidirectional change in allele frequencies that occurs by chance in all populations and especially in small populations is known as
(a) Mutation
(b) Migration
(c) Natural selection
(d) Genetic drift
115. The finch species of Galapagos Islands are grouped according to their food sources. Which of the following is not a finch food?
(a) Seeds
(b) Carrion
(c) Insects
(d) Tree buds
116. Dinosaurs dominated the world in which of the following geological era?
(a) Devonion
(b) Coenozoic
(c) Jurassic
(d) Mesozoic
(d) Darwin
117.Which of the following are difficult to explain in terms of natural selection?
(a) Male peacocks evolve tail feathers that would appear to make them more rather than less vulnerable to predators.
(b) Male deer evolve antlers that are not used to defend themselves against predators.
(c) A bird issues a warning cry that puts it at greater risk of being noticed by a predator.
(d) Some traits appear to have no adaptive value.
118. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
I. Formation of protobionts
II. Synthesis of organic monomers
III. Synthesis of organic polymers
IV. Formation of DNAbased genetic systems
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) II, III, I, IV
(c) I, III, II, IV
(d) II, III, IV, I
119.Wings of pigeon, mosquito and bat show
(a) divergent evolution
(b) all of these
(c) atavism
(d) convergent evolution
120.An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is the occurrence of
(a) homologous and analogous organs
(b) homologous organs only
(c) homologous and vestigial organs
(d) analogous and vestigial organs
121. Analogous structures are a result of
(a) shared ancestry
(b) convergent evolution
(c) stabilising selection
(d) divergent evolution
122. Which of the following are not the examples of analogous structures?
(a) Wings of bat and butterfly
(b) Wings of bat and forelimb of cattle.
(c) Thorn and spine.
(d) Tendril of Lathyrus and tendril of Gloriossa
123. The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are
(a) homologous structures and represent divergent evolution
(b) analogous structures and represent convergent evolution
(c) phylogenetic structures and represent divergent evolution
(d) homologous structures and represent convergent evolution
124. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in walking; forelimbs of whale used in swimming and forelimbs of bats used in flying are an example of
(a) Homologous organs
(b) Analogous organs
(c) Adaptive radiation
(d) Convergent evolution
125.A population will not exist in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium if
(a) individuals mate selectively
(b) there are no mutations
(c) there is no migration
(d) the population is large
126. Which of the following was most similar to modern man?
(a) Java man
(b) Cro-Magnon man
(c) Neanderthal man
(d) Homo habilis
127. Which of the following had the smallest brain capacity?
(a) Homo neanderthalensis
(b) Homo sapiens
(c) Homo habilis
(d) Homo erectus
128. Evidences of evolutionary relationships is found in ______.
(a) atmosphere
(b) fossils
(c) ocean beds
(d) rocks
129. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Ontogeny repeats phylogeny.
(b) Stem cells are specialized cells
(c) There is no evidence of the existence of gills during embryogenesis of mammals.
(d) All plant and animal cells are totipotent.
130. The first formed organism (riboorganism) used only …………….. for catalyzing reactions.
(a) DNA
(b) amino acids
(c) fatty acids
(d) RNA
131. The tendency of population to remain in genetic equilibrium may be disturbed by
(a) lack of random mating
(b) lack of mutations
(c) random mating
(d) lack of migration
132. The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar function. This is an example of
(a) analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
(b) analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
(c) homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
(d) homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution.
133. One of the following includes most closely linked organisms
(a) species
(b) genus
(c) family
(d) class
134. Genetic variation in a population arises due to
(a) reproductive isolation and selection
(b) mutations only
(c) recombination only
(d) mutation as well as recombination
135. Evolution of different species in a given area starting from a point and spreading to other geographical areas is known as
(a) natural selection
(b) migration
(c) adaptive radiation
(d) divergent evolution.
136. What was the most significant trend in the evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors?
(a) Shortening of jaws
(b) Upright posture
(c) Binocular vision
(d) Increasing cranial capacity
137. According to Hugo de Vries, the mechanism of evolution is
(1) Multiple step mutations
(2) Saltation
(3) Minor mutations
(4) Phenotypic variations
138. Among the following sets of examples for divergent evolution, select the incorrect
option :
(1) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah
(2) Heart of bat, man and cheetah
(3) Eye of octopus, bat and man
(4) Brain of bat, man and cheetah
139. The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of many vertebrates is an example of
(1) Homology
(2) Analogy
(3) Adaptive radiation
(4) Convergent evolution
140. In a species, the weight of newborn ranges from 2 to 5 kg. 97% of the newborn with an average weight between 3 to 3.3 kg survive whereas 99% of the infants born with weight from 2 to 2.5 kg or 4.5 to 5 kg die. Which type of selection process is taking place?
(1) Directional Selection
(2) Stabilizing Selection
(3) Disruptive Selection
(4) Cyclical Selection
141. Match the hominids with their correct brain size :
(a) Homo habilis (i) 900 cc
(b) Homo neanderthalensis (ii) 1350 cc
(c) Homo erectus (iii) 650-800 cc
(d) Homo sapiens (iv) 1400 cc
Select the correct option.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
142. Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo de Vries are
(1) random and directional
(2) random and directionless
(3) small and directional
(4) small and directionless
143. A gene locus has two alleles A, a. If the frequency of dominant allele A is 0.4, then what will be the frequency of homozygous dominant, heterozygous and homozygous recessive individuals in the population?
(1) 0.36(AA); 0.48(Aa); 0.16(aa)
(2) 0.16(AA); 0.24(Aa); 0.36(aa)
(3) 0.16(AA); 0.48(Aa); 0.36(aa)
(4) 0.16(AA); 0.36(Aa); 0.48(aa)
144. Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins are examples of
(1) Industrial melanism
(2) Natural selection
(3) Adaptive radiation
(4) Convergent evolution
145. Snow-blindness in Antarctic region is due to
(1) High reflection of light from snow
(2) Damage to retina caused by infra-red rays
(3) Freezing of fluids in the eye by low temperature
(4) Inflammation of cornea due to high dose of UV-B radiation
146. From his experiments, S.L. Miller produced amino acids by mixing the following in a closed flask
(1) CH4, H2 , NH3 and water vapor at 600°C
(2) CH3, H2 , NH3 and water vapor at 600°C
(3) CH4, H2 , NH3 and water vapor at 800°C
(4) CH3, H2 , NH4 and water vapor at 800°C
147. Montreal protocol was signed in 1987 for control of
(1) Release of Green House gases
(2) Disposal of e-wastes
(3) Transport of Genetically modified organisms from one country to another
(4) Emission of ozone depleting substances
148. Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by
(1) Charles Darwin
(2) Oparin
(3) Karl Ernst von Baer
(4) Alfred Wallace
149. The factor that leads to Founder effect in a population is :
(1) Genetic drift
(2) Natural selection
(3) Genetic recombination
(4) Mutation
150. Match List – I with List – II
List I List II
(a) Adaptive radiation (i) Selection of resistant varieties due to excessive
use of herbicides and Pesticides
(b) Convergent evolution (ii) Bones of forelimbs in Man and Whale
(c) Divergent evolution (iii) Wings of Butterfly and Bird
(d) Evolution by anthropogenic (iv) Darwin Finches Action
Choose the correct answer from the options given
below.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(2) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(3) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(4) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
Solutions :
1.Solution: (c)Adaptive radiation in evolution was developed by H.F. Osborn in 1898. It is also known as ―Divergent evolution‖. It is
development of different functional structures from a common ancestral form. Examples as mentioned in the questions. Whereas development of similar adaptive functional structures in unrelated groups of organism is adaptive convergence = convergent evolution, e.g wings of insect,
bird and bat. When convergent evolution is found in closely related species, it is called ―Parallel Evolution‖ Example: development of running habit in deer (2.toed) and horse (1 toed). The evolutionary process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestors is called adaptive radiation.
2.Solution: (b)Adaptation is the evolutionary process in which population becomes better suited to its habitat. Mimicry is an example of long
term adaptation, in which there is a close resemblance of an organism to the surrounding in order to avoid detection. e.g. leaf insect Phyllium. The term mimicry was introduced by Bates (1862). • Homology is phenomenon in which origin of organs are same but functions are different. e.g – Hand of human and fore limb of horse. • Analogy – Origin is different but functions are same of two different organs. e.g. – Wings of birds, wings of
insects.
3.Solution: (b)The term Evolution was given by Herbert Spencer that is ―Descent with modifications‖. Evolution helps us to understand the history of life. Evolution is a process in which something changes into a different and usually more complete or better form over time and in response to
environment. This results in descendents becoming different from ancestors.
4.Solution: (b)August Weismann, tested Lamarck‘s theory in 1904 by cutting off the tails of mice for 22 generations yet he failed to get tailless mouse. On the basis of the test he put forward the theory ―continuity of germ plasm‖. According to him the character influencing the germ cells (reproductive) are inherited. Change in somatic cells are not transmitted to the next generations. Hugo de Vries proposed ―Mutation theory‖.
5.Solution: (b)One of the first attempts to explain the mechanism of evolution was made by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. His theory was
Inheritance of Acquired Characters. The theory states that the characters acquired during life time are passed on to the progeny and then to subsequent generations and new species are produced.
6.Solution: (d)The book ―Origin of species‖ was written by Darwin.
7.Solution: (d)In convergent evolution similar adaptive functional structure develop in different species (unrelated group of organism).When convergent evolution is found in separate but closely related species (related evolutionary lineages) it is called parallel evolution. In parallel evolution the two species have a relatively recent common ancestors.
8.Solution: (a) Van Baer; 1828 put forward Baer‘s law which was later called as Biogenetic law of Ernst Haeckel, 1866. The law states that
“Ontogeny repeats phylogeny”. Ontogeny is the life history of an organism while phylogeny is the evolutionary history of the race of that organism.
9.Solution: (c)Oxygen gas was not present due to reducing atmosphere, it only came to existence after the evolution of photosynthesis process.
10.Solution: (c)The correct Geological time scale of earth is Precambrian → Palaeozoic → (Era/Age of early life) Age of fishes Mesozoic →Coenozoic (Age of reptiles) (Age of mammals) dinasaurs and cycads A geological time scale is a diagram that details the history of Earths geology, noting major events like the formation of the Earth, the first life forms and mass extinctions. The first geological time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890-1965). The history of the earth has been subdivided into eras, eras into periods and periods into major divisions.
11.Solution: (b)Chemoheterotrophs were first organisms.They were prokaryotic like bacteria,anaerobes, as molecular oxygen was absent. They obtained energy by fermentation of some of the organic molecules present in the broth. Thus they absorbed organic molecules from outside for body building and energy. • Chemoautotrophs – Organisms that are capable to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules. E.g., Nitrifying bacteria, sulphur reducing bacteria etc. • Autotrophs are photosynthesizing plants /organisms.
12.Solution: (a) Evolutionary convergence is a type of evolutionary pattern in which unrelated organisms/different species develop common set of characters/ adaptive functional structures (analogous structures). They do not share common ancestor, related to one another in only the
most distant sense.
13.Solution: (d)
14.Solution: (c)In 1859 Charles Darwin published his theory of natural selection in the book Origin of Species‘. The theory is based on five important observations:1. All species have great reproductive potential
2. Most populations are stable in size
3. Natural resources are limited
4. Individuals of a population have variations.
5. Most of the variations are heritable.Species with variations selected by nature.
15.Solution: (c)Genetic drift is also known as Sewall Wright effect. It refers to the random changes in gene frequencies in a population by chance, either due to intensive inbreeding or death of a small section of population by natural calamity. Its effect is more marked in small isolated
population.
16.Solution: (d)Adaptable
17.Solution: (d)Melanisation of peppered moth in industrial areas.
18. Solution: (d)Loss of tail
19.Solution: (a)Jurassic period of Mesozoic era is known as ―Golden age of Dinosaurs. • Coenozoic era is the age of insects, birds and mammals. • Palaeozoic era of fishes.
20.Solution: (c)Organs that are similar in fundamental structure but different in functions are ―Homologous organs‖, Richard Owen, introduced the term homologous. Pectoral fins of fish and fore limbs of horse similar in structure but different in functions are homologous organs. Rest of the organs compared in the question are analogous organs.
21. Solution: (c)Evolutionary history of horse was described by O.C. Marsh, 1879. Origin of horse took place in Eocene period and first fossil of horse was Eohippus found in North America. Evolutionary trend of Horse:
22.Solution: (b)Dr. P. L. Sclater, 1858 divided the world into 6-regions on the basis of distribution of birds only, later in 1876 A.R. Wallace adopted it for all the animals. These six realms (regions) support evidence of organic evolution.
23.Solution: (b)In the embryos of all vertebrates, the presence of gill slits supports the theory of recapitulation (repeating the early stages of
embryogenesis in earlier evolved animals).
24.Solution: (b)Homologous organs have same basic structure and origin but they differ in their external appearance and function.
25.Solution: (d) The sibling species are those species,which are born from a similar kind of parents having similar morphology. But they are reproductively isolated.
26.Solution: (b)Progressive evolution is development of organisms with more elaborate and specialized structures from those having
less elaborate features e.g. amphibians from reptiles .Retrogressive or degenerative evolution is development of simpler forms
from more complex ones. Such evolution has occurred in case of vestigial organs, parasitic forms, and in reduction of overspecialized structures such as wings in
flightless birds. Parallel evolution is formation of similar traits in related groups of organisms independently due to similar requirement e.g. running of two toed deer
and one toed Horse. Evolution of wings in insects and birds serve as example of convergent evolution.
27.Solution: (b)Elements present on the surface of the earth as well as in the early atmosphere combined to produce simple and compound molecules. Atmospheric elements produced molecules of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Water, CO, CO2, Ammonia, methane etc. UVradiations, cosmic rays, lightening and heat made these to react amongst themselves and produce organ compounds like sugars, fatty acid, glycerol and amino acids. CH4+ NH3 + CO2 + H2 O→Amino acids
28.Solution: (c)Vestigial organs are those organs which are non-functional in the possessor but were functional in their ancestors and in related animals. Human beings possess many vestigial organs like nictitating at the end of caecum, coccyx and tail muscles, non-functional muscles of the pinna, wisdom teeth, segmental muscle of abdomen and nipples in males.
29.Solution: (d)This is known as Allen’s rule.
30.Solution: (a)Change of diet from fruits, hard nuts and roots to softer food encouraged settled human life.
31.Solution: (a)Australopithecus appeared in early Pleistocene. Homo habilis had a cranial capacity of 700–800 cc.
32.Solution: (a)Cranial capacity shows an increase form apes to man which indicates increase in intelligence.
33.Solution: (c)Cro-Magnon succeeded Neanderthal.Fossils of Neanderthal man have been found from Eroupe, Asia and north Africa. Fossils of Australopithecus have been found in Africa.
34.Solution: (b)Homologous organs are the organs having similar structural plan and origin but performing different functions. Analogous organs perform similar function but have different structural and developmental origin e.g. wings of birds, wings of bat and wings of insects are analogous organs.
35.Solution: (c)Hardy – Weinberg law is the principle of genetic equilibrium according to which in the absence of external environmental disturbances, a randomly mating population remains in genetic equilibrium. Lamarck postulated the theory of inheritance of acquired characters. Mendelian principles explained the
inheritance of genetic characters from one generation to another.
36.Solution: (a) Genetic drift can operate only on smaller populations where its fluctuation can be observed in the proportion of allele distribution in the presence of external disturbances. Genetic drift is the random change in allele number and frequency in a gene pool.
37.Solution: (b)Dryopithecus lived about 20-25 million years ago.
38.Solution: (a)Synthesis of organic molecules from simple molecules is no longer possible because of the oxidizing atmosphere.
39.Solution: (d)Nature select those set of characters that are best adapted to the environment. This has resulted in the great diversity seen in the population of finches.
40.Solution: (b)Cro-Magnon fossils have been found in Europe. Neanderthal man is a transitional stage. Australopithecus appeared in early Pleistocene.
41. Solution: (b)Human body contains about 180 vestigial organs coccyx, third molars (wisdom teeth) and muscles of abdomen etc.
42.Solution: (a)Homeotic genes are the group of genes involved in the embryonic development and control the pattern of body formation. Alleination in these gene found in flies like Drosophila result in development of legs in place of wings.
43.Solution: (c)Oligocene is masked by the rise of onkeys and apes. Miocene is masked by appearance of man like apes. Pliocene is characterized by origin of man.
44. Solution: (c)Chimpanzees and gorillas are our closest relatives among the living primates.
45.Solution: (a)Loss of a prehensile tail is associated with the gradual development of errect posture and bipedal gait.
46.Solution: (a)Biogeography is the study of geographical distribution of organisms. Paleontology is the study of past life based on fossils and fossil impressions. Anatomy is the study of internal structure. Embryology is the study of development of embryo from zygote till it becomes an offspring.
47.Solution: (c)Microevolution is a series of changes within a species due to gene mutations and accumulation of variations. Macroevolution is evolution in which taxa higher than the level of species are formed due to morphological and cytological changes. Formation of different functional forms of a basically similar structure is called divergent evolution.
48.Solution: (a) Chimpanzee is the closest relative of man. Banding pattern of human chromosome number 3 and 6 are remarkably similar to that of chimpanzee indicating common origin for both.
49.Solution: (c)Peking man had a cranial capacity of about 1000cc. Heidelberg man is regarded as ancestor of Neanderthal man. CroMagnon is the form of modern man living in Europe.
50.Solution: (d)According to both the views, ‘something’ is passed from parent to offspring which causes development of specific characters.
51.Solution: (b)These areas are geographically isolated from other continents by the oceanic uniform barrier which has prevented distribution of fauna.
52.Solution: (b)In 5000 years a given amount of radioactive carbon would decay to half initial concentration.
53.Solution: (b)
54.Solution: (b)There is no life on moon due to absence of water. There are many other reasons for being no life on moon, life insufficient oxygens, unsuitable temperature etc.
55.Solution: (b)rRNA occurs inside ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis, mRNA brings coded information from DNA to form polypeptides. tRNA takes part in
transferring amino acids from cellular pool to episomes for polymerization to form polypeptides. Carl Woese gave the theory of life based on his discovery that the genes encoding ribosomal RNA are ancient and distributed over all lineages of life with little or no gene transfer. Therefore rRNA are commonly used to infer phylogeny.
56.Solution: (b)
57.Solution: (b)Gause’s hypothesis states that two different competing species cannot coexist together for a long in the same niche, one has to get eliminated by the other competing species, if they do coexist, then they do so as a result of niche differentiation, i.e. differentiation of then realized niches.
58.Solution: (a)Seasonal isolation refers to the differences in season of breeding that can isolate two varieties. Behavioural or ethological isolation refers to differences in behaviour like courtship rituals etc. to prevent mating. Mechanical isolation refers to the differences in the position, size and structure of animal genitalia which prevent reproductive contact and thus bring about isolation.
59.Solution: (c)Africa is often called as the cradle of man.
60.Solution: (b)Mutation is any random sudden heritable change occurring in the genetic material. Sexual selection refers to selection of a mate by an organism.
61.Solution: (c)
62.Solutions :According to Darwinism there is differential reproduction , followed by struggle for existence, suitable variations are selected by nature-natural selection.
63.Solution : (d0The replacement of grey colored month by dark colored melanic species13 due to industrial melanism. Initially on the lichen covered
tree trunks, the mutant moths was more conspicuous due to its black colouration and was therefore more susceptible to predation by birds. The large scale burning
of coal during industrial revolution resulted in the deposition of sooty particulate matter on tree trunks. Hence the grey coloured moths became more conspicuous to
predatory birds. Thus the population of black moths increased considerably.
64.Solution: (c)Migration refers to the movement of individuals into and out of population. Mutation refers to random and sudden heritable variations or changes arising in the genetic constitution.
65.Solution: (a)Independent formation of functionally similar structures by unrelated organism is called convergent evolution.
66.Solution: (b)Those organs which have a common origin and are built on the same anatomical pattern, but perform different functions and are modified accordingly.
67.Solution: (a)In any population, there is always competition for space and food resources.
68.Solution: (a)Genetic drifts occurs only in small isolated population.
69.Solution: (d)Amphibians have moved onto terrestrial habitat but they still need to go back to water for reproduction. The presence of gills in tadpole indicate that amphibians have evolved from fishes. Fishes are completely aquatic so the other three options are incorrect.
70.Solution: (d)DNA from sex chromosomes, autosomes and mitochondria reflect the entire genomic limit. Chromosome morphology is only partial.
71.Solution: (c)ESR, Electron Spin Resonance measures number of charges occupying deep traps in crystal band gap. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is a spectroscopic technique which detects species that have unpaired electrons, generally meaning that the molecule in question is a free radical if it is an organic molecule, or that it has transition metal ions if it is an inorganic complex. Because most stable molecules have a closed-shell configuration without a suitable unpaired spin, the technique is less widely used than nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The EPR was first
discovered in Kazan State University by Soviet physicist Yevgeniy Zavoyskiy in 1944
72.Solution: (b) According to Oparin, the atmosphere of calmative earth was reducing because its atoms were most numerous and most reactive. Free oxygen was not present in significant amount. Large quantities of H2,N2, water vapour, CO2, CH4 and NH3 were present.
73.Solution: (a)Electron Spin Resonance method is the most accurate method for dating of fossils.
74.Solution: (c)Animals resist predation by cryptic coloration deceptive marking, behavioural defenses and possession of mechanical or chemical defenses. Examples are colour change in Chameleon Enlargement of body size by swallowing air in potter fish, Melanism in moths.
75. Solution: (a)According to Neodarwinism variation is the root cause of evolution.
76.Solution: (d) Spallanzani‘s experiment: He boiled the meat and vegetables for more than an hour to prepare broth and placed them in open and sealed flasks. The maggots of housefly developed in the open flasks but did not appear in sealed flasks. This disapproved the theory of spontaneous creation. (Th. of abiogenesis).
77.Solution: (c)When DDT was sprayed to kill mosquitoes, there were only few mosquitoes which were already resistant to DDT, and hence survived. Most of the mosquitoes which were sensitive to DDT died. Due to differential reproduction the resistant mosquitoes got more chances of reproduction and multiplied. After few
generations most of the mosquitoes were resistant. The sensitive were very few. This supports Darwin‘s theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest.
78.Solution: (c)Adaptation is generally due to selection of pre-existing variations and not due to new mutations or variations. This tends to support Darwin‘s theory of natural selection. The basis was proved by replica plating experiment of Joshua Lederberg and Esther Lederberg. A number of sterile agar plates having antibiotic streptomycin were prepared. Bacteria were inoculated on the renicilling plates from the master plate by sterile velvet plate. Most bacterial colonies did not form replicas and inoculum died. Moreover a few colonies survived showing that they were resistant to streptomycin.
79.Solution: (c)Pisum sativum – Mendel Drosophila melanogaster – T. H. Morgan.
80.Solution: (b)Glutamic Acid is one of the non-essential amino acids, closely related to glutamine. The two constitute a substantial fraction of the amino acids in many proteins (10–20% in many cases and up to 45% in some plant proteins). An important metabolic intermediate as well as a neurotransmitter molecule in the central nervous system,glutamic acid finds uses in medicine and biochemical research. Its sodium salt is the food flavour enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG).
81.Solution: (d)Jurassic period of meoszoic era was about 19-20 crore years ago & lasted for about 5.5-6 crore years. The climate was hot and damp. It is called the age of dinosaurs. Ist primitive bird Archaeopteryx evolved from reptiles. Ist angiosperm appeared as a dicotyledon but gymnosperms were dominant.
82.Solution: (d)Paleontology is the study of fossils.Ontogeny is the process of development of organism in the embryo stage and phylogeny is known as the history fan organism through ages during evolution.
83.Solution: (d)Homologous organs represent the divergent evolution. These are the organs belonging to different organisms of different species may be for dissimilar function but they all have the same basic structure. On the other hand vestigial organs show that how a species evolved from its ancestors through the ages according to the use and disuse of organs. These are the organs which were sometime functional in humans (or may be any other organisms) but during
the course of evolution their utility gradually decline and now they are present as nonfunctional and vestigial organs.
84.Solution: (b)Archaeopteryx is a fossile (dead) found from the mesozoic rocks. It is a connecting link between reptiles and birds.
85.Solution: (c)The analogous organs show convergent evolution due to similar adaptions which do not support organic evolution.
86.Solution: (d)Homo habilis had a cranial capacity in the range of 680 – 720 c.c & that of. Homo erectus erectus 775 – 990 c.c., Homo erectus pekinesis 915-1200 c.c. Homo nenderthalensis 1300-1600 c.c.
87.Solution: (c)Ontogeny repeats phylogeny.
88.Solution: (c)The concept of chemical evolution is based on possible origin of life by combination of chemicals under suitable environmental conditions. The distribution of elements in the cosmos is the result of many processes in the history of the Universe. It provides us with a powerful tool to study the Big Bang, the density of baryonic matter, nucleosynthesis and the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies.
89.Solution: (c)The finches of Galapagos islands provides an evidence in favour of biogeographical evolution
90.Solution: (d)Only birds and mammalsare homeothermous.
91.Solution: (a)Leech has ventral central nervous system which consists of nerve ring, and a solid, double, mid ventral nerve cord with ganglia.
92.Solution: (b)The analogous organs show convergent evolution due to similar adaptation. They do not support organic evolution. Whale, seal and shark shows convergent evolution due to similar habitats.
93.Solution: (d)During the period when the number of coal-burning factories in England was increasing (during the so-called Industrial Revolution) it was noticed that the number of melanic individuals of the species of Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) was becoming more common. Originally rare in the population of normally light-colored moths, the frequency of the melanic form increased in polluted areas until it was over 90%. This change in color has come to be known as “industrial melanism.”
94.Solution: (a)Adaptive radiation refers to evolution of different species from a common ancestor. The mammals are adapted for different mode of life i.e. they show adaptive radiation. They can be aerial (bat), aquatic (whale and dolphins), burrowing or fossorial (rat), cursorial (horse), scantorial (squarrel) or arboreal (monkey). The adaptive radiation, the term by osborn, is also known as Divergent evolution.
95.Solution: (b)Speciation takes place via reproductive isolation which is the most important consequence of geographical isolation.
96.Solution: (a)Scales on their hind limbs and eggs with calcareous shell, indicates in birds about their reptilian ancestry.
97.Solution: (a)The theory of the continuity of the germplasm published by August Weismann (1834-1914) in 1886. It proposes that the contents of the reproductive cells (sperms and ova) are passed on unchanged from one generation to the next, unaffected by any changes undergone by the rest of the body. It thus rules out any possibility of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and has become fundamental to NeoDarwinian theory.
98.Solution: (a)Darwin’s Finches are an excellent example of adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is the occurrence of the diversification of a single or small groups of species into a large number or descendents that occupy various ecological niches. This is an evolutionary process driven by natural selection.
99.Solution: (b)Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita are example of homologous chromosomes.
100.Solution: (c)
Nephridia of earthworm and malphigian tubules of cockroch belongs to excretory organs. Earthworm has a well developed excretory system which is composed of large number of minute, coiled and glandular segmentally arranged excretory tubules called the nephridia. Malphigian tubules of cockroach are extremely fine
yellowish unbranched thread like structure present at the function of midgut and hindgut.
101.Coacer vate is an aggregate of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and membrane and contain enzymes that are capable of converting such substance
as glucose into more complex molecules, such as starch. Coacervate droplets arise spontaneously under appropriate conditions and may have been the
prebiological systems from which living organisms originated.
102.Solutions :
Solution: (b)Peripatus is a genus of Onychophora (Velvet worms). It is said to be a living fossil because it has been unchanged for approximately 570 million years. eripatus is a nocturnal carnivore. Peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda. It feeds by trapping its prey (mostly small insects) in a white, sticky fluid it ejects from two antennae near its head. The fluid hardens on contact with the air and then the prey becomes immoblized.
103.Solution: (c) Darwin finches a good example of adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is a process of evolution of different species in a given
geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other areas of geography.
104.Solution: (d)
The most significant trend in evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors is development of brain capacity.
105.Solution: (a) Process of evolution of different species in a given area starting from a point and radiating to other area of geographical areas is called adaptive radiations, Example Darwin’s finches, Australian marusupials.
106.Solution: (a)
107.Solution: (d)
108.Solution: (b)
109.Solution: (b)
Mutations are alterations of genetic material. They occur frequently during DNA duplication in cell division. The idea of mutations was brought forth by Hugo de
Vries. The plant on which de Vries had experimented was Oenothera lamarckiana (Evening primrose). The mutation observed by de Vries in Oenothera lamarckiana was chromosomal number variant
110.Solution: (b)The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar functions. This is an example of analogous organs. Analogous organs have evolved due to convergent evolution. Analogous organs have developed in the evolutionary process through adaptation of quite different
organisms to similar mode of life.
111.Solution: (a)The wings is a classic example of convergent evolution. Flying insects, birds and bats same all evolved the capacity of flight independently. All four serve the same function and are similar in structure but anatomically different.
112.Solution: (a)Genetic drift is variation in gene frequencies within populations can occur by chance rather than by natural selection, sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they become a different species. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called founder effect.
113.Solution: (d)According to Darwin the organic evolution is due to intraspecific competition. Individuals of same species have variation in characteristics. Those characteristics which enable some to survive better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical factors etc.) would outbreed others that are lessendowed to survive under such natural conditions. There, therefore, will survive more and hence are selected by nature. He called it natural selection and implied it as a mechanism of evolution.
114.Solution: (d)Genetic drift is random change in allele number and frequency in a gene pool due to chance (e.g., small size of population). It is caused by sampling error or error in gene pool sample that is to form the next generation. The sampling gene pool is generally small in size. Variability is also limited.
115.Solution: (b)Darwin observed an amazing diversity of creatures on galapagos islands. He realised that there were many varieties of finches in the same island like seedeating, with altered beaks insectivorous and vegetarian finches. Carrion are dead bodies. No finches feed on carrion.
116.Solution: (d)Dinosaurs dominated the world in mesozoic era. In Triassic period, giant reptiles (dinosaurs) emerged. In Jurassic period, dinosaurs diversified and abundant (golden age of dinosaurs) and in cretaceous period, mass extinction of dinosaurs occurre
117.(d) Some traits appear to have no adaptive value.
118.(b) In the origin of life, the correct sequence of events is :
I : Synthesis of organic monomers.
II : Synthesis of organic polymers.
III : Formation of protobionts
IV : Formation of DNA based genetic systems
119.(a) divergent evolution Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation
120.(c) An important evidence in favour of organic evolution is the occurrence of homologous and vestigial organs.
121.(b) convergent evolution Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.
122.(b) Wings of bat and forelimb of cattle
123.(b) Analogous organs are the organs which have similar function but are different in their structural details and origin. The analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution. The wings of an insect are analogous to wings of a bird because the basic structure of the wings of the insects is different from the wings of bird.
124.(a) Homologous organs
125.(a) Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from generation to generation when there is random and non-selective mating. In case of lack of random mating, genetic equilibrium may be disturbed.
126.(b) Homo erectus is the ancestor of man (not the direct ancestor of modem man). It includes three fossils: Java Ape-man, Peking man and Heidelberg man. Neanderthal man is the direct ancestor of Cro-magnon man which in turn is the direct anceston of modern man. Fossils of Cro-magnon were discovered from France. Australopithecus is the first ape man.
127.(c) Brain capcity of Homo habilis was 650-800 CC while Homo erectus showed 900 CC, Homo neanderthalensis showed 1400 CC, Hono sapience showed 1450 CC cranial capacity.
128.(b) fossils
129.(a) Recapitulation theory or Biogenetic law states that ontogeny (development of embryo) is recapitulation of phylogeny (ancestral sequence).
130.(d) The first formed organism (riboorganism) used only RNA for catalyzing reactions.
131.(a) lack of random mating
132.(a) Analogous organs are the opposite of homologous organs, which have similar functions but different origin onvergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
133.(a) species
134.(d) Genetic variation in a population describes the existence in that population of different alleles, or alternative forms, for a given gene. The presence of genetic variation implies that individuals of the population vary in the alleles they possess, meaning that individuals differ in genotype.
135.(c) adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches.
136.(d) The brain capacity gradually increased from early human ancestors.
137(2)saltation is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation.
138(3)Analogous organs are the organs of different animals which have different basic structure but perform the same function. Eye of octopus, bat, and man have the same different structures but serve the same function.
139(1)Homology, in biology, similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.the forelimbs of such widely differing mammals as humans, bats, and deer are homologous; the form of construction and the number of bones in these varying limbs are practically identical, and represent adaptive modifications of the forelimb structure of their common early mammalian ancestors.
140(2)Stabilizing selection is a descriptive term for what happens to an individual trait when the extremes of the trait are selected against. This increases the frequency of the trait in the population, and the alleles and genes which help form it stabilizing selection as most of the newborn having average weight between 3 to 3.3 kg survive and babies with less and more weight have a low survival rate.
141 (3)Homo habilis – 650−800 cc
Homo neanderthalensis – 1400 cc
Homo erectus – 900 cc
Homo sapiens – 1350 cc
142(2)Hugo de Vries (1901) put forward a theory of evolution, called mutation theory. The theory states that evolution is a jerky process where new varieties and species are formed by mutations (discontinuous variations) that function as raw material of evolution.
143(3)Frequency of dominant allele (say p)=0.4
Frequency of recessive allele (say q) =1−0.4 =0.6
∴ Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals (AA)
=p2 =(0.4)2
=0.16
Frequency of heterozygous individuals (Aa) =2pq
=2(0.4)(0.6)
=0.48
Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals(aa)=q2
=(0.6)2
=0.36
144(4)convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
145(4)Snow-blindness in Antarctic region is due to Inflammation of cornea due to high dose of UV-B radiation
146(3)CH4, H2 , NH3 and water vapor at 800°C
147 (4)Montreal protocol was signed in 1987 for control of Emission of ozone depleting substances.
Total 197 countries have ratified the Montreal Protocol.
148 (3)Embryological support for evolution was proposed by Ernst Haeckel.• Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by Karl Ernst von Baer.The biogenetic law is a theory of development and evolution proposed by Ernest Haeckel in Germany in the 1860s. It is one of several recapitulation theories , which posit that the stage of development for an animal embryo are the same as other animals’ adult stages or forms.
149 (1)Change in gene frequency in a small population by chance is known as genetic drift. Genetic drift has two ramifications, one is bottle neck effect and another is founder’s effectWhen accidentally a few individuals are dispersed and act as founders of a new isolated population, founder’s effect is said to be observed.Crossing over which occurs during gamete formation results in genetic recombination. Mutations are random and directionless.
150 (2)
