1. Analgesic drugs
(a) form tissues
(b) relieve pain
(c) relieve fatigue
(d) cause pain
2. Cells involved in immune mechanism are
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Lymphocytes
(c) Eosinophils
(d) Thrombocytes
3. Opiate narcotic is
(a) Bhang
(b) Charas
(c) Heroin
(d) Nicotine
4. A cell coded protein formed in response to infection with most animal viruses is
(a) Antigen
(b) Antibody
(c) Interferon
(d) Histone
5. Obstacle to large scale transplantation of organs is
(a) insufficiency of organ donors
(b) immunological rejection of foreign bodies
(c) religious or ethnic considerations
(d) lack of effective surgical techniques
6. Which one of the sexually transmitted diseases is correctly matched with its pathogen?
(a) Urethritis – Bacillus anthracis
(b) Syphilis – Treponema pallidum
(c) Gonorrhoea – Entamoeba histolytica
(d) Soft sore – Bacillus brevis
7. A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria is
(a) Leprosy
(b) aids
(c) Syphilis
(d) Pertussis
8. Sarcoma is cancer of
(a) epithelial tissue
(b) mesodermal tissue
(c) blood
(d) endodermal tissues
9. Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?
(a) Dengue fever -arbovirus
(b) Plague – Yersinia pestis
(c) Syphilis – Trichuristrichiura
(d) Malaria – Plasmodium vivax
10. Which of the following diseases is due to an allergic reaction?
(a) Goitre
(b) Skin cancer
(c) Hay fever
(d) Enteric fever
11. The alkaloid ajmalicine is obtained from
(a) Atropa
(b) Papaver
(c) Curcuma
(d) Sarpgandha
12. Which one of the following is an Indian medicinal plant?
(a) Saccharumofficinarum
(b) Rauwolfiaserpentina
(c) Oryzasativa
(d) Solanum melongena
13. Hypersensitivity to an allergen is associated with
(a) aberrant functioning of the immune mechanism
(b) increase in ambient temperature
(c) age of the individual
(d) food habits
14. In which one of the following pairs of diseases both are caused by viruses?
(a) Tetanus and typhoid
(b) Whooping cough and sleeping sickness
(c) Syphilis and AIDS
(d) Measles and rabies
15. Retroviruses are implicated as a cause for cancer in humans because they
(a) carry gene for reverse transcriptase
(b) may carry cellular proto-oncogenes in their genome
(c) may carry v-oncogenes in their genome
(d) carry single stranded RNA as their genetic material
16. Passive immunity was discovered by
(a) Edward Jenner
(b) Emil von Behring
(c) Robert Koch
(d) Louis Pasteur
17. Chemically an antibody is a
(a) lipid
(b) nucleoprotein
(c) protein
(d) lipoprotein
18. Which of the following symptoms indicate radiation sickness?
(a) Red and ulcerated skin
(b) Nausea and loss of hair
(c) Nausea and anaemia
(d) Ulcerated skin, nausea, loss of hair and anaemia
19. Diptheria is caused by
(a) poisons released from dead bacterial cells into the host tissue
(b) poisons released by living bacterial cells into the host tissue
(c) excessive immune response by the host’s body
(d) poisons released by virus into the host tissues
20. Which one of the following diseases is now considered nearly eradicated from India?
(a) Plague
(b) Kala azar
(c) Small pox
(d) Poliomyelitis
21. If a certain person shows production of interferons in his body, the chances are that he has got an infection of
(a) typhoid
(b) measles
(c) malaria
(d) tetanus
22. Which one of the following is an opiate narcotic?
(a) Barbiturates
(b) Morphine
(c) Amphetamines
(d) LSD
23. The use of Cannabis products (bhang, ganja, charas, marijuana or hashish) causes
(a) depression of brain activity and feeling of calmness
(b) alters thoughts, perceptions and feelings
(c) suppresses brain function and relieves pain
(d) stimulates the nervous system and increases alterness and activity.
24. Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) has a protein coat and a genetic material which is
(a) single stranded DNA
(b) double stranded DNA
(c) single stranded RNA
(d) double stranded RNA
25. Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum affects the
(a) intestine
(b) neuromuscular junction
(c) spleen
(d) lymph glands
26. Typhoid fever is caused by
(a) Salmonella
(b) Shigella
(c) Escherichia
(d) Giardia
27. Vaccines are
(a) treated bacteria or viruses or one of their proteins
(b) MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
(c) curative medicines
(d) monoclonal antibodies
28. The cell in the human body invaded by the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) is
(a) T-helper cell
(b) Erythrocyte
(c) B-cell
(d) Macrophage
29. It is not possible to apply Koch’s postulates to
(a) Diptheria
(b) Cholera
(c) Leprosy
(d) Tuberculosis
30. During blood typing agglutination indicates that the
(a) RBC carry certain antigens
(b) Plasma contains certain antigens
(c) RBC carry certain antibodies
(d) Plasma contains certain antibodies
31. Hybridoma cells are
(a) nervous cells of frog
(b) hybrid cells resulting from myeloma cells
(c) only cells having oncogenes
(d) product of spore formation in bacteria
32. Correctly match sexually transmitted disease with its pathogen?
(a) Syphilis – Treponema pallidum
(b) AIDS – Bacillus anthracis
(c) Urethritis – Entamoeba gingivalis
(d) Gonorrhoea – Leishmaniadonovani
33. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a bovine disease is related to which human disease?
(a) Cerebral spondylitis
(b) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
(c) Encephalitis
(d) Kala-azar
34. Small proteins produced by vertebrate cells in response to viral infections inhibiting viral multiplication are known as
(a) Lipoproteins
(b) Immuglobulins
(c) Interferons
(d) Antitoxins
35. For which of the following disease, there is preventive vaccine?
(a) AIDS
(b) Hepatitis B
(c) Syphilis
(d) Gonorrhea
36. Which one of the following is correct match?
(a) Reserpine — Tranquilizer
(b) Cocaine — Opiate narcotic
(c) Morphine — Hallucinogenic
(d) Bhang — Analgesic
37. Salmonella is related with
(a) Typhoid
(b) Polio
(c) T.B.
(d) Tetanus
38. Which of the following is most infectious disease?
(a) Hepatitis – B
(b) AIDS
(c) Amoebiosis
(d) Malaria
39. Reason of lung cancer
(a) Asbestos
(b) Calcium fluoride
(c) Cement factory
(d) Bauxite mining
40. L. S. D. is
(a) hallucinogenic
(b) sedative
(c) stimulant
(d) tranquiliser
41. Which statement is correct about centre of origin of plant?
(a) More diversity in improved varieties
(b) Frequency of dominant gene is more
(c) Climatic conditions more favourable
(d) None of these
42. Cancerous cells can easily be destroyed by radiations due to
(a) rapid cell division
(b) lack of nutrition
(c) fast mutation
(d) lack of oxygen
43. Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother’s milk to the infant is categorised as
(a) innate non-specific immunity
(b) active immunity
(c) passive immunity
(d) cellular immunity
44. Carcinoma refers to
(a) benign tumours of the connective tissue
(b) malignant tumours of the connective tissue
(c) malignant tumours of the skin or mucous membrane
(d) malignant tumours of the colon
45. What is true about T-lymphocytes in mammals?
(a) These are produced in thyroid
(b) There are three main types — cyto toxic T-cells, helper T-cells and suppressor Tcells
(c) These originate in lymphoid tissues
(d) They scavenge damaged cells and cellular debris
46. Which one of the following conditions though harmful in itself, is also a potential saviour from a mosquito borne infectious disease?
(a) Leukemia
(b) Thalassemia
(c) Sickle cell anaemia
(d) Pernicious anaemia
47. Which one of the following is not correctly matched
(a) Glossina palpalis – Sleeping sickness
(b) Culexpipiens – Filariasis
(c) Aedesaegypti – Yellow fever
(d) Anopheles culifacies- Leishmaniasis
48. ELISA is used to detect viruses, where
(a) DNA-probes are required
(b) Southern bloting is done
(c) Alkaline phosphatase is the key reagent
(d) Catalase is the key reagent
49. AIDS is caused by HIV that principally infects:
(a) all lymphocytes
(b) activator B cells
(c) cytotoxic T cells
(d) T4 lymphocytes
50. Which one of the following depresses brain activity and produced feelings of calmness, relaxation and drowsiness?
(a) Morphine
(b) Valium
(c) Amphetamines
(d) Hashish
51. A person showing unpredictable moods, outbursts of emotion, quarrelsome behaviour and conflicts with other is suffering from
(a) Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
(b) Mood disorders
(c) Addictive disorders
(d) Schizophrenia
52. The ‘blue baby’ syndrome results From
(a) methaemoglobin
(b) excess of dissolved oxygen
(c) excess of TDS (total dissolved solids)
(d) excess of chloride
53. Antibodies in our body are complex
(a) steroids
(b) prostaglandins
(c) glycoproteins
(d) lipoproteins
54. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
(a) serum globulins
(b) fibrinogen in the plasma
(c) haemocytes
(d) serum albumins
55. Ultrasound of how much frequency is beamed into human body for sonography?
(a) 15 – 30 MHZ
(b) 1 – 15 MHZ
(c) 45 – 70 MHZ
(d) 30 – 45 MHZ.
56. Increased asthmatics attacks in certain seasons are related to
(a) eating fruits preserved in tin containers
(b) inhalation of seasonal pollen
(c) low temperature
(d) hot and humid environment.
57. Match the disease in Column I with the appropriate items (pathogen/prevention/ treatment) in Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Amoebiasis (i) Treponema pallidum
(b) Diphtheria (ii) Use only sterilized food and water
(c) Cholera (iii) DPT Vaccine
(d) Syphilis (iv) Use oral rehydration therapy
58. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified?
(a) Hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations
(b) Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations
(c) Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions
(d) Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria
59. To which type of barriers under innate immunity, do the saliva in the mouth and the tears from the eyes, belong?
(a) Cytokine barriers
(b) Cellular barriers
(c) Physiological barriers
(d) Physical barriers
60. Consider the following statements .about biomedical technologies
(a) During open heart surgery blood is circulated in the heart-lung machine
(b) Blockage in coronary arteries is removed by angiography
(c) Computerised axial tomography (CAT) shows detailed internal structure as seen in a section of body
(d) X-ray provides clear and detailed images of organs like prostate glands and lungs Which two of the above statements are correct?
61. A person likely to develop tetanus is immunised by administering
(a) preformed antibodies
(b) wide spectrum antibiotics
(c) weakened germs
(d) dead germs
62. The letter T in T -lymphocyte refers to
(a) Thalamus
(b) Tonsil
(c) Thymus
(d) Thyroid
63. Which of the following is a pair of viral diseases?
(a) Common cold, AIDS
(b) Dysentery, common cold
(c) Typhoid, tuberculosis
(d) Ringworm, AIDS
64. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Benign tumours show the property of metastasis.
(b) Heroin accelerates body functions.
(c) Malignant tumours ours may exhibit metastasis.
(d) Patients who have undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain.
65. Use of anti-histamines and steroids give a quick relief from
(a) nausea
(b) cough
(c) headache
(d) allergy
66. Select the correct statement from the ones given below?
(a) Barbiturates when given to criminals make them tell the truth
(b) Morphine is often given to persons who have undergone surgery as a pain killer
(c) Chewing tobacco lowers blood pressure and heart rate
(d) Cocaine is given to patients after surgery as it stimulates recovery
67. Widal test is used for the diagnosis of
(a) Malaria
(b) Pneumonia
(c) Tuberculosis
(d) Typhoid
68. Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?
(a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
(b) Drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection.
(c) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition
(d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T – lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers
70. At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
(a) When the infecting retrovirus enters host cells
(b) When viral DNA is produced by reverse trancriptase
(c) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper Tlymphocytes and damages large number of these
(d) Within 15 day of sexual contact with an infected person.
71. Which one of the following is categorised as a parasite in true sense?
(a) The female Anopheles bites and sucks blood from humans
(b) Human foetus developing inside the uterus draws nourishment from the mother
(c) Head louse living on the human scalp as well as laying eggs on human hair
(d) The cuckoo (koel) lays its eggs in crow‘s nest.
72. Which one of the following acts as a physiological barrier to the entry of microorganisms in human body?
(a) Epithelium of urogenital tract
(b) Tears
(c) Monocytes
(d) Skin
73. A certain patient is suspected to be suffering from Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Which diagnostic technique will you recommend for its detection?
(a) ELISA
(b) MRI
(c) Ultra sound
(d) WIDAL
74. The pathogen Microsporum responsible for ringworm disease in humans belongs to the same kingdom of organisms as that of
(a) Taenia, a tapeworm
(b) Wuchereria, a filarial worm
(c) Rhizopus, a mould
(d) Ascaris, a round worm
75. Which one of the following option gives the correct matching of a disease with its causative organism and mode of infection. Disease – Causative ORGANISM — Mode of Infection
(a)Typhoid — Salmonella typhii — With inspired air
(b)Pneumonia — Streptococcus — Droplet pneumoniae Infection
(c) Elephantiasis — Wuchereria — infected bancrofti water and food
(d) Malaria — Plasmodium — Bite of male vivax Anopheles mosquito
76. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is
(a) caused by a virus
(b) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
(c) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium
(d) not an infectious disease
77. Select the correct statement with respect to diseases and immunisation?
(a) If due to some reason B-and Tlymphocytes are damaged, the body will not produce antibodies against a pathogen
(b) Injection of dead/ inactivated pathogens causes passive immunity
(c) Certain protozoans have been used to mass produce hepatitis B vaccine.
(d) Injection of snake antivenom against snake bite is an example of active immunisation
78. Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in:
(a) Gut of female Anopheles
(b) Salivary glands of Anopheles
(c) Human RBCs
(d) Human liver
79. Widal Test is carried out to test:
(a) Malaria
(b) Diabetes mellitus
(c) HIV/AIDS
(d) Typhoid fever
80. Common cold differs from pneumonia in, that:
(a) Pneumonia is a communicable disease whereas the common cold is a nutritional deficiency disease.
(b) Pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common cold has no effective vaccine.
(c) Pneumonia is caused by a virus while the common cold is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae.
(d) Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
81. Which one of the following is not a property of cancerous cells whereas the remaining three are?
(a) They compete with normal cells for vital nutrients.
(b) They do not remain confined in the area of formation.
(c) They divide in an uncontrolled manner
(d) They show contact inhibition.
82. In which one of the following options the two examples are correctly matched with their particular type of immunity. Examples — Types of immunity
(a) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes — Cellular barriers
(b) Anti – tentanus and antisnake bite injection — Active immunity
(c) Saliva in mouth and Tear in eyes — Physical barriers
(d) Mucus coating of epithelium lining the urinogenital tract-and the HCl in stomach – – Physiological barriers
83. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic intake of
(a) Opium
(b) Alcohol
(c) Tobacco (Chewing)
(d) Cocaine
84. Read the following four statements (A-D). (A) Colostrum is recommended for the new born because it is rich in antigens. (B) Chikungunya is caused by a Gram negative bacterium. (C) Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining virus-free plants. (D) Beer is manufactured by distillation of fermented grape juice. How many of the above statements are wrong?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
85. Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to immunity?
(a) Preformed antibodies need to be injected to treat the bite by a viper snake.
(b) The antibodies against small pox pathogen are produced by T – lymphocytes.
(c) Antibodies are protein molecules, each of which has four light chains.
(d) Rejection of a kidney graft is the function of B-lymphocytes.
86. Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by:
(a) Eating imperfectly cooked pork.
(b) Tse-tse fly.
(c) Mosquito bite.
(d) Drinking water containing eggs of Ascar is
88. The cell-mediated immunity inside the human body is carried out by:
(a) B-lymphocytes
(b) Thrombocytes
(c) Erythrocytes
(d) T-lymphocytes
89. Identify the site where Wuchereria bancrofti is normally found on human body
(a) Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs
(b) Muscles of the legs
(c) Blood vessels of the thigh region
(d) Skin between the fingers
90. Which one of the following is a hallucinogenic drug?
(a) Opium
(b) Caffeine
(c) Morphine
(d) Lysergic acid diethylamide
91.Which is the process of biological control, which is for controlling to spread the diseare caused by mosquitoes.?
(a) Masquito net
(b) Spreading & chemicals
(c) Fish like Gambusia
(d) Net in doors & window
92. Which of the following sets of diseases is caused by bacteria?
(a) Tetanus and mumps
(b) Cholera and tetanus
(c) Typhoid and smallpox
(d) Herpes and influenza
93. Sporogony of malarial parasite occurs in
(a) liver of man
(b) salivary glands of mosquito
(c) RBCs of man
(d) stomach wall of mosquito
94. Antivenom injection contains preformed antibodies while polio drops that are administered into the body contain
(a) gamma globulin
(b) harvested antibodies
(c) attenuated pathogens
(d) activated pathogens
95. What is called disease according to Oxford english dictionary ?
(a) The bad performance of body or body parts with some particular symptom.
(b) Body or body’s parts that obstructs the functioning of them
(c) Any physical or actional change from normal condition
(d) Disease spread from one person to another
96. In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self cells and non self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self cells, then it leads to
(a) active immunity
(b) auto immune disease
(c) allergic response
(d) graft rejection.
97. When children play bare footed in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from diseases like
(a) bilharizia, infective hepatitis and diarrhea
(b) guinea worm infection, elephantiasis and amoebic dysentery
(c) leptospirosis and bilharizia
(d) malaria, amoebic dysentery and leptospirosis
98. Which of the following immunoglobulins does constitute the largest percentage in human milk?
(a) IgA
(b) IgM
(c)IgG
(d) IgD
99. Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to
(a) passive immune response
(b) cell mediated immune response
(c) innate immune response
(d) humoral immune response
100. What is formed during Innate immunity ?
(a) Body prepare Antibodies against antigen
(b) Antibodies are present in body from birth
(c) Prepare antibodies are introduced into body.
(d) All of the given.
101. The active form of Entamoeba histolytica feeds upon
(a) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon
(b) food in intestine
(c) blood only
(d) mucosa and submucosa of colon only.
102.At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
(a) When the infected retro virus enters host cells
(b) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person
(c) When HIV damages large number of helper T lymphocytes and damage large number of these
(d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse Transcriptase
103. Cattle fed with spoilt hay to sweet clover which contains dicumarol
(a) may suffer vitamin K deficiency and prolonged bleeding
(b) may suffer from beri-beri due to deficiency of vitamin-B
(c) are healthier due to a good diet
(d) catch infections easily
104. Identify the site where Wuchereria bancrofti is normally found in human body.
(a) Skin between the fingers
(b) Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs
(c) Muscles of the legs
(d) Blood vessels of the thigh region
105. Because of smoking which kind of changes occurs in blood ?
(a) Proportion of CO2 decreases & in Hb also CO2 deoreases
(b) Propotion of O2 decreases &in Hb propertion of O2 increases
(c) Proportion of O2 increases & in Hb proportion of O2 decreses.
(d) Proportion of CO2 increases & in Hb proportion of O2 decreses.
106. Common cold differs from pneumonia in that
(a) pneumonia is caused by a virus while the common cold is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae
(b) pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs
(c) pneumonia is a communicable disease whereas the common cold is a nutritional deficiency disease
(d) pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common cold has no effective vaccine
107. Where will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?
(a) Red blood corpuscles of human suffering from malaria
(b) Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
(c) Spleen of infected humans
(d) Salivary glands of freshy moulted female Anopheles mosquito
108.Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is
(a) caused by a Grampositive bacterium
(b) caused by a Gramnegative bacterium
(c) caused by a virus
(d) not an infectious disease
109. Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?
(a) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
(b) Drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection
(c) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition
(d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper Tlymphocytes thus reducing their numbers
110. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Benign tumours show the property of metastasis
(b) Heroin accelerates body functions
(c) Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
(d) Patients who have undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain
111. Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ?
(1) Cell – mediated immune response
(2) Hormonal immune response
(3) Physiological immune response
(4) Autoimmune response
112. Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
(1) Psoriasis
(2) Rheumatoid arthritis
(3) Vitiligo
(4) Alzheimer’s disease
113. In which disease does mosquito transmitted pathogen cause chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels?
(1) Elephantiasis
(2) Ascariasis
(3) Amoebiasis
(4) Ringworm disease
114. Which part of poppy plant is used to obtain the drug “Smack”?
(1) Flowers
(2) Latex
(3) Leaves
(4) Roots
115. Colostrum the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains :
(1) Natural killer cells
(2) Monocytes
(3) Macrophages
(4) Immunoglobulin A
116. Drug called ‘Heroin’ is synthesized by
(1) methylation of morphine
(2) acetylation of morphine
(3) glycosylation of morphine
(4) nitration of morphine
117. Which of the following immune responses is responsible for rejection of kidney graft?
(1) Auto-immune response
(2) Humoral immune response
(3) Inflammatory immune response
(4) Cell-mediated immune response
118 Identify the correct pair representing the causative agent of typhoid fever and the confirmatory test for typhoid.
(1) Plasmodium vivax / UTI test
(2) Streptococcus pneumoniae / Widal test
(3) Salmonella typhi / Anthrone test
(4) Salmonella typhi / Widal test
119. Identify the wrong statement with reference to immunity.
(1) Active immunity is quick and gives full response.
(2) Foetus receives some antibodies from mother, it is an example for passive immunity.
(3) When exposed to antigen (living or dead) antibodies are produced in the host’s body. It is called “Active immunity”.
(4) When ready-made antibodies are directly given, it is called “Passive immunity”.
120. The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is
(1) Female gametocytes
(2) Male gametocytes
(3) Trophozoites
(4) Sporozoites
121. Match the following diseases with the causative organism and select the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Typhoid (i) Wuchereria
(b) Pneumonia (ii) Plasmodium
(c) Filariasis (iii) Salmonella
(d) Malaria (iv) Haemophilus
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(2) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(3) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(4) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
122. Identify the incorrect pair
(1) Drugs – Richin
(2) Alkaloids – Codeine
(3) Toxin – Abrin
(4) Lectins – Concanavalin A
123. For effective treatment of the disease, early diagnosis and understanding its pathophysiology is very important. Which of the following molecular diagnostic techniques is very useful for early detection?
(1) Hybridization Technique
(2) Western Blotting Technique
(3) Southern Blotting Technique
(4) ELISA Technique
124. Chronic auto immune disorder affecting neuro muscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle is called as:
(1) Gout
(2) Arthritis
(3) Muscular dystrophy
(4) Myasthenia gravis
125. Veneral diseases can spread through :
(a) Using sterile needles
(b) Transfusion of blood from infected person
(c) Infected mother to foetus
(d) Kissing
(e) Inheritance
Choose the correct answer from the option given below
(1) (a) and (c) only
(2) (a), (b) and (c) only
(3) (b), (c) and (d) only
(4) (b) and (c) only
126. Match List-I with List-II
List –I List –II
(a) Filariasis
(i) Haemophilus influenzae
(b) Amoebiasis
(ii) Trichophyton
(c) Pneumonia
(iii) Wuchereria bancrofti
(d) Ringworm
(iv) Entamoeba histolytica
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(2) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
Solutions :
1.Solution: (b) Analgesic drugs relieve pain eg. Ibrufene.
2.Solution: (b) Lymphocytes are the part of specific defence system called immune system.
3.Solution: (c)
Hero in is an opiate narcotic (opium derivative) Chemically it is diacetylmorphine.
4.Solution: (c) A special defence system works specially against viral infection. It has no effect on micro-organism. Cells invaded by a virus
produce an antiviral protein called interferon (IFN). The latter is released from the infected cell and on reaching the nearby non-infected cells it makes them resistant to the virus infection.
5.Solution: (b) The major obstacle in transplantation of organs is that the recipient body does not accept the donor‘s organ. The body defence
mechanism reject & treat the transplanted organ as a foreign particle and reacts actively.
6.Solution: (b) Syphilis – T. pallidum
7.Solution: (c)Syphilis – T. pallidum
8. Solution: (b) Sarcoma is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels) and soft tissue.The
term comes from a Greek word meaning ‗fleshy growth‘. Bone tumors are also called sarcomas, but are in a separate category because they have different clinical and microscopic characteristics and are treated differently. Osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma is one of the Solutions
9.Solution: (c)
Syphilis-Trichuristichiura‘ is not correctly matched, because syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidium bacteria.
10.Solution: (c)
Hay fever is due to some fungal spores sensitivity, which is an allergic disease with symptoms of bronchial asthma and skin
rash and also with increase in eosinophil (white cells) of blood.
11.Solution: (d)
Sarpgandha botanically known as Rauwolfiaserpentina belongs to family Apocyanceae. Its tuberous roots are used as medicines. Ajmalicin is isolated from Sarpgandha.
12.Solution: (b)
Rauwolfiaserpentina belong to family Apocynaceae, its roots yield a chemical useful for high blood pressure.
13.Solution: (a)
Allergy means all kinds of untoward reactions manifested in the body due to hypersensitivity of substances called allergens. Allergy reactions occur due to liberation of histamine by tissue cells.
14.Solution: (d)
Tetanus and typhoid are caused by bacteria. Whooping cough is caused by bacteria. Sleeping sickness is caused by parasitic flees. Syphilis is caused by bacteria while AIDS is final stage of HIV viral disease. Measles and Rabies are caused by virus.
15.Solution: (b)
Cancer is initiated when the inactive protooncogenes are activated to cellular oncogenes which trigger uncontrolled cell multiplication.
16.Solution: (a)
Robert Koch is associated with Koch‘s postulates that help in determining whether a given micro-organism is pathogenic or not. Louis pasteur
experimentally proved that all life originated from pre-existing life. Emil Von Behring was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
17.Solution: (c)
Antibodies are specific proteins synthesized by the host in response to an antigen. All antibody molecules are immunoglobulins.
18.Solution: (d)
Exposure to radiation results in the following immediate effects: (i) Change in cell metabolism (ii) Crystallization of haemoglobin (iii) Breakdown of RBCs (iv) Loss of hair, nails (v) Impairment of vision and damage of different tissues
19.Solution: (a) Diptheria is a highly infectious disease caused by Cornybacteriumdiptheriae which liberates soluble toxin. The toxin affects nerves and cause double vision, difficulty in swallowing and paralysis of breathing muscles and limbs.
20.Solution: (c) Small pox, caused by Variola virus, is an acute highly communicable disease which has been irradicated not only from India but from the whole world.
21.Solution: (b) Interferons are produced in response to viral infections. Typhoid and tetanus are bacterial diseases. Malaria is caused by a
protozoan. Measles is a viral disease.
22. Solution: (b) Opiate Narcotics are opium and its derivatives which suppress brain activity and relieve pain. Also called pain killers. These are extracted from unripe capsules of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). eg. Morphin, Heroin.
23.Solution: (b) Tranquillizers bring about depression of brain activity and feeling of calmness. Stimulants stimulate the nervous system, and increase alertness and activity. Hallucinogens (Cannabis products) alters thoughts, perceptions and feelings.
24.Solution: (c) HIV is a spherical, enveloped virus of about 90-120 nm diameter. Its nucleocapsid is icosahedral and its genome consists of a single-stranded RNA filament segmented into two identical filaments and associated with a “reverse transcriptase enzyme”.
25. Solution: (b)
Botulism is caused by the ingestion of food containing the toxin of Clostridium botulinum. Before the introduction of a strict canning code, the food canning industry was responsible for many deaths each year from botulism (Food poisoning). Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium produces an exotoxin which is highly toxic for the synaptic ends of the nerves where it blocks the release of acetylcholine which is a chemical necessary for the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapses.
26. Solution: (a) Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhosa). This is fasillus type. Bacterial enus Shigella causes shigellosis or bacillary dysentry. Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobe found in the intestine of human beings. Giardia is a flagellate protozoan, Glamblia causes giardiasis a prolonged diarroheal disease of humans.
27.Solution: (a) Vaccine contains dead, attenuated form or antigen of a pathogen which can be injected to provide immunity towards that
pathogen. Monoclonal antibodies are homogenous immunological reagents of defined specificity, so that these can be utilized for diagnosis and screening with certainty.
28.Solution: (a) AIDS is characterized by reduction in the number of helper T- lymphocytes because of HIV infection. It suppresses human immune system due to which any secondary infection may lead to death. Tlymphocytes are main cells of immune system.
29.Solution: (c) Koch’s postulates are not applicable to the bacteria causing leprosy and syphilis. Mycobacterium leprae causing leprosy
produces endospores on which Koch‘s postulates are not applicable, because Mycobacterium leprae cannot be cultured in vitro.
30.Solution: (a) Antibodies bind to specific antigens to produce large insoluble complexes which render them harmless and facilitate their destruction by other cells of the immune system this process is called agglutination.
31.Solution: (b) Myeloma is a type of cancer associated with abnormal production of irregular antibodies. It occurs in antibody producing
cells that have lost their normal control. Hybridomas are clones of hybrid cell resulting from fusion of normal antibody producing B-cells with myeloma cells.
32.Solution: (a) AIDS is caused by HIV virus and Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea. Urethritis is inflammed of the urethra by bacteria.
33.Solution: (b) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a total brain disease known to exist in beef and other dairy cattle in U.K. It is also
known as mad cow disease. It is caused by prions. Creutzfeldt- Jacob Disease (CJD) is a slow degenerative disease among human affecting central nervous system with dysfunction and degeneration of the brain. It has been suggested that a few people in Britain might have contracted CJD by eating BSE- infected beef. So both are related. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain mostly due to viral infection.
34.Solution: (c) Lipoproteins are conjugated proteins having polypeptides in association with lipids. Immunoglobulins are the constituent of antibodies. Inteferons (INFs) are a group of three vertebrate glycoproteins (i.e. a, b, g,) Out of these three a & b are produced within virally
infected cells. Interferon induces among adjacent cells, as antiviral state by inducing synthesis of the enzymes which inhibit the viral production cycle.
35.Solution: (b) Hepatitis is a viral disease; two subgroups are hepatitis type A virus (HAV) and hepatitis type B virus (HBV). HBV causes
serum hepatitis, it is most frequently transmitted by blood, products of blood or blood contaminated instruments. Since only adults are susceptible to HBV, but vaccines are available. While children and young adults are susceptible to HAV, no vaccines are acceptable.
36.Solution: (a) Morphine is an opiate narcotic, Bhang is a hallucinogen, Reserpine derived form Rauwolfia, is used as tranquilizer, cocaine is a stimulant.
37.Solution: (a) Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosae. Polio is caused by virus.
Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. The incubation period is about two weeks. The patient first suffers from high fever of 40°C and continual headache.
38.Solution: (a) We know that HBV causes serum hepatitis. It is most frequently transmitted by blood or by blood contaminated instruments.
39.Solution: (a) Asbestos fibres present in atmosphere due to industrial emission cause lung cancers (asbestosis).
40.Solution: (a) LSD or (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is an extract of ergot of fungus Claviceps purpurea. It is most powerful hallucinogen which causes horrible dreams, chronic psychosis etc.
41.Solution: (b) Green manure comprises of a quick growing herbaceous crop. They are mixed with the soil to enrich the soil. They supply
organic matter and also additional nitrogen.
42.Solution: (a) The ability of radiations to kill cells is highest in the tissue with the highest number of dividing cells. Tumour cells proliferate rapidly. Hence, tumours are killed more rapidly by radiations.
43.Solution: (c)Passive immunity.
44.Solution: (c)Carcinomas are malignant growths of the epithelial tissue that cover or line body organs.
45. Solution: (c) The lymphocytes which differentiate in the thymus are known as the T – lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are responsible for the
cellular immune response.
46.Solution: (c) A sickle cell anaemia affected person is more resistant to mosquito born infectious disease because the sickle – cell shaped
RBCs are hostile to the protozoa Plasmodium.
47.Solution: (d) Leishmaniasis in transmitted by sand fly Phlebotomusargentipes. Anopheles transmits malaria. The rest of the options
are correct combinations.
48. Solution: (c) ELISA test is a technique used to detect and quantitate extremely small amount of a protein, antibody or antigen with the help
of enzyme. The commonly used enzymes are peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. Southern blotting and DNA probes are used in molecular analysis of DNA. Catalase is not involved in ELISA.
49. Solution: (d) AIDS virus infects T4 lymphocytes (also called Helper cells). Cytotoxic T cells called T8 lymphocytes.
50.Solution: (b) Amphetamines bring about increased alertness and sleeplessness. Hashish is a hallucinogen. Valium is a tranquilizer.
Valium depresses brain activity and produces feeling of calmness, relaxation and drowsiness. Morphine is an opiate narcotic.
51.Solution: (a) In Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) a person suffers from emotionally unstable personality, unpredictable moods, highly
reactive, anxeity and irritability. While in Schizophrenia a person suffers from distorted thoughts, he/she shows some extreme responses, sometimes auditory hallucinations.
52.Solution: (a) Methaemoglobin is a denatured haemoglobin causes blue baby syndrome.
53.Solution: (c) Whenver our body gets attacked by some foreign invadors, our body‘s immune system produces some chemicals to kill or
to react against the invader. These hemicals are actually made up of carbohydrates & proteins i.e. glycoproteins called antibody.
54.Solution: (a) Serum globulins It makes 2 to 3% of plasma proteins. The a and b – globulin sent with the hormones to transport them
the g–globulin from antibodies.
55.Solution: (b) Ultrasound imaging has frequency range 1 – 15 MHz which has become part of our lives in the last decade. We are now all
familiar with the blurry black and white sonograms (ultrasound pictures) that show the unborn baby inside the mother’s uterus. Although it may take a little imagination on our part to understand that a round circle is the baby’s head, that does not prevent a proud mother-to-be from
showing off her first baby picture.
56.Solution: (b) Pollen–grains of many species are responsible for some of the severe allergies and bronchial affliction in some people
often lead to chronic respiratory disorders – asthma, bronchitis.
57. Solution: (d) moebiasis: Use only sterilized food and water Diphtheria: DPT Vaccine Cholera: Use oral rehydration therapy Syphilis:
Treponema pallidum
58.Solution: (a) Hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations. Hashish is a preparation of Cannabis composed of the
compressed trichomes collected from the Cannabis plant. Psychoactive effects vary between types of Hashish but are usually the same as those of other Cannabis preparations such as marijuana. Hash is generally prohibited to the same extent as all other forms of cannabis. It is consumed
in much the same way as Cannabis buds, used by itself in miniature smoking pipes, vapourized, hot knifed, or smoked in joints mixed with tobacco, Cannabis buds or other herbs.
59.Solution: (c) The saliva in the mouth and the tears from the eyes belongs to physiological barriers.
60.Solution: (c) A modern hospital can make use of variety of sophisticated instruments and equipment of accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Three main categories of instruments and equipments used are diagnostic, imaging and therapeutic. From the above given statements, statement a & c are correct. • During open heart surgery blood is circulated in the heart lung machine. • Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT)
shows detailed internal structure as seen in a section of body.
61.Solution: (c) Tetanus toxoid is a vaccine consisting of growth products of Clostridium tetani treated with formaldehyde serving as an
active immunising agent. Hence it is weakened germs. The first tetanus toxoid (inactivated toxin) was produced in 1924 and was used successfully to prevent tetanus in the armed services during World War II. In the mid-1940s, tetanus vaccine was combined with diphtheria toxoid and inactivated pertussis vaccine to make the combination DTP vaccine for routine childhood immunization.
62. Solution: (c) The letter T in T-lymphocyte refers to thymus. In human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum. The thymus gland is a pink-grey organ that lies underneath the top of the breast bone.
63.Solution: (a) Common Cold, AIDS is a pair of viral diseases. Viruses are a very common type of infectious disease. Viruses are the smallest life-form existing, since they are not even a single cell. It is almost like they are not alive at all. They are small strands of DNA-like cell material. A virus consists mostly of RNA and cannot survive without host cells.
64.Solution: (c) Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis cancer (medical term :malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood.
65.Solution: (c) The use of anti-histamines and steroids gives a quick relief from headache. Antihistamines are drugs that block the action of histamine (a compound released in allergic inflammatory reactions) at the H1 receptor sites, responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as sneezing and itching.
66.Solution: (b) Morphine is potent opioid analgesic that is often given to persons (who have undergone surgery) as a pain killer. It is mainly used
to relieve severe and persistent pain. It is administrated by mouth, injection or suppositories.
67.Solution: (d) Widal test is used for the diagnosis of typhoid. It is an agglutination test for the presence of antibodies against the Salmonella organisms, which cause typhoid fever.
68. Solution: (d) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV retrovirus. The vir us destroys the helper T lymphocytes
thus reducing their numbers.
69.Solution: (a) Sporozoites of malarial parasite are found in saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito.
70.Solution: (c) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper Tlymphocytes and damages large number of these cells, at this stage infected persons
start showing symptoms of AIDS.
71.Solution: (c)
Head louse is an obligate ectoparasite of human scalp and as well as laying egg on human hair.
72.Solution: (d) Skin has a metabolic function to prevent non- resident bacteria from developing.
73.Solution: (a) ELISA is an fundamental tool of clinical immunology and is used as an initial screen for HIV detection.
74.Solution: (c) Microsporum is a member of Deuteromycetes of fungi &Rhizopus is also 41fungi and member of Zygomycetes.
75.Solution: (b) Pneumonia disease is spreaded by the organism Streptococcus pneumoniae and the mode of infection is by droplet infection.
76. Solution: (a) Common cold is due to rhinovirus. Recent studies found that antibiotics do not kill this virus.
77.Solution: (a) B and T-lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogen in the body, if due to some reason B and T lymphocytes are damaged the body will not produce antibodies against a pathogen. Each B cell and T cell is specific for a particular antigen.
78.Solution: (a) Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in gut of female Anopheles. Zygote formed in stomach of mosquito about 9 to 10 days
after sucking the blood of an infected human. Anopheles receives RBCs containing different stages of erthyrocytic cycle, including gametocyte. In its gut, all stages except the gametocytes are digested. The gametocytes remain unaffected by digestive enzymes of the mosquito, hatch out from the RBCs into the lumen of mosquito‘s stomach and form sperm and ovum by gametogenesis. Syngamy or fusion of male and female gamete.
79.Solution: (d) Widal test is carried out to test typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhii bacteria. Typhoid vaccine is available.
80.Solution: (d) Common cold is most infectious viral disease caused by Rhino viruses which is transmitted through inhalation of droplets
from infected person or through contaminated objects. Pneumonia is a bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophillusinfluenzae. This serious disease of lungs spread by sputum of the patient.
81.Solution: (d) Contact inhibition is a property of normal cell not of cancer cells. Due to this property they remain in contact with other cells
inhibit their growth.
82.Solution: (a) Polymorphonuclearleukoytes named so, as they have multilobed nucleus or neutrophils and monoytes are the cellular
barrier provide innate or nonspecific immunity. Cellular barriers are the internal defence or second live of defence.
83.Solution: (b) Long term intake of alcohol causes damage to liver which is known as cirrhosis of liver with continued alcohol intake, there is
destruction of hepatocytes and fibroblasts (cell which form fibres) and slimulaties of collagean protein formation.
84.Solution: (a) Statement (A) and (B) are wrong. Colostrum is the first lacteal secretion (thin yellowish fluid) produced by the mammary
gland of a mother prior to the production of milk. It is recommended for the new born because it is rich in antibodies and minerals. Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected AedesAegypti mosquitoes.
85.Solution: (a) Preformed antibodies need to be injected to treat the bite by a viper snake. It is also a type of immunization which is called as
passive immunization. Antibodies, produced by B-cells, are typically made of basic structural units— each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens and mark
them for destruction by, for example, marking them more recognizable to phagocytic cells. Rejection of a kidney graft is not a function of B lymphocyte.
86.Solution (d) Ascar is an intestinal aparasite cause ascariasis. Symptoms of these disease include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage of the intestinal passage. The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc. A healthy person acquires this infection through contaminated water vegetables, fruits, etc.
88.Solution: (d) T – lymphocytes mediates cell mediated immunity (CMI). It is one of the two types of acquired immunity responsible for graft or
transplant rejection.
89.Solution: (a) Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), filarial worms causing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disase caused by them known as elephantiasis or filariasis. The genital organs are mainly affected, resulting in gross deformities. The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.
90.Solution: (d) Hallucinogens are drugs that cause illusions and delusions (hallucinations) and change the feelings or perception. Examples are Bhang, Charas, Hashish, Marijuana (all cannabinoids) and LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide). Opium and morphine are opiate narcotics (opioids)
having analgesic (pain relieving effect) while caffeine is a stimulant that increase the activity of nervous system, and cause awakening
91.(c) Fish like Gambusia
92.(b) Cholera and tetanus
93.(d) Sporogony of malarial parasites occur in stomach wall of mosquito. It is an asexual multiplication phase. The nucleus of the oocyst divides and followed by cytoplasmic division, several sporozoites are formed. This is the infective stage, when a mosquito bites a man. thousands of sporozoites enter into the blood of the man.
94.(c) The Sabin vaccine or trivalent ‘oral polio vaccine’ consists of attenuated viral strains.
95.(b) Body or body’s parts that obstructs the functioning of them
96.(b) Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other body normal constituents. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an “autoimmune disease”.
97.(c) leptospirosis is a bacterial disease spread through the urine of infected animals. Humans can get leptospirosis through direct contact with urine from infected animals or through water, soil or food contaminated with their urine. It’s most common in warm climates. High fever, headache, bleeding, muscle pain, chills, red eyes and vomiting are some symptoms. Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever and bilharzias. A disease caused by infection with freshwater parasitic worms in certain tropical and subtropical countries.
98.(a) IgA immunoglobulins are the second most abundant class of immunoglobulins, which are mainly found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, colostrum and , gastrointestinal secretions.
99.(b) Cell-mediated immune response (CMIS) i consists of T-lymphocytes. It reacts against transplants. Transplantation may result in the rejection of the transplanted organs. The immune system recognises the protein in the transplanted tissue or I organ as foreign and initiates cellular immunity against it.
100.(b) Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. Innate immune system forms the first line of defense of the body. The innate response is nonspecific, immediate, and is mediated through monocytes that transform into macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells.
101.(a) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon
102.(c) When HIV damages large number of helper T lymphocytes and damage large number of these
103.(a) Dicurrarol is an auticoagulant found in spoilts sweet clover causes hemorrhage and other symptoms of bleeding disorder by disrupting vitamin K metabolism and preventing the activation of prothrombin and certain other clotting factors by the liver.
104.(b) Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial nematode that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. bancrofti carries out its lifecycle in two hosts. Humans serve as the definitive host and mosquitos as the intermediate host. The adult parasites reside in the lymphatics of the human host. They are found mostly in the afferent lymphatic channels of the lymph glands in the lower part of the body.
105.(d) Proportion of CO2 increases & in Hb proportion of O2 decreses.
106.(b) pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs
107.(b) When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, Plasmodium enters the mosquito’s body and undergoes further development. The parasites multiply within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands.
108.(c) Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is caused by a virus
109.(d) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper Tlymphocytes thus reducing their numbers
110.(c) Malignant tumors have cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites. Malignant tumors are cancerous (ie, they invade other sites). They spread to distant sites via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. This spread is called metastasis.
111. (1)Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
112 (4)An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body.
An autoimmune disorder may result in:
- The destruction of body tissue
- Abnormal growth of an organ
- Changes in organ function
An autoimmune disorder may affect one or more organ or tissue types. Areas often affected by autoimmune disorders include:
- Blood vessels
- Connective tissues
- Endocrine glands such as the thyroid or pancreas
- Joints
- Muscles
- Red blood cells
- Skin
A person may have more than one autoimmune disorder at the same time. Common autoimmune disorders include:
- Addison disease
- Celiac disease – sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
- Dermatomyositis
- Graves disease
- Hashimoto thyroiditis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Pernicious anemia
- Reactive arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Type I diabetes
- Vitiligo
- Psoriasis
113 (1)Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a very rare condition that’s spread by mosquitoes. Your sex organs and breasts may also swell up.
114 (2)Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived
115 (4)Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. The amount of IgA produced in association with mucosal membranes is greater than all other types of antibody combined.
116 (2)By methylation of morphine. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants.
117 (4) The body is able to differentiate self and non-self and the cell-mediated response is responsible for graft rejection.
118 (4) Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) are bacteria that infect the intestinal tract and the blood. The disease is referred to as typhoid fever. S. Paratyphi bacteria cause a similar, but milder illness, which comes under the same title.
Salmonella typhi is the causative agent.
Confirmatory test = Widal test, it’s based on antigen antibody reaction.
119(1) Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. Antibodies are created by the recipient and may be stored permanently. When a host produces antibodies in response to an antigen; the immunity is called active immunity. Vaccination involves deliberately injecting microbes into the body. This induces active immunity. Active immunity is slow and takes time to give full effective response.
120(4) Sporozoites from the salivary glands of infected anophelines feeding on humans rapidly transit through the bloodstream to invade hepatocytes.
121(4) Typhoid fever is caused by dangerous bacteria called Salmonella typhi. Salmonella typhi is related to the bacteria that cause salmonellosis,
• Haemophilus influenzae is a common etiologic agent of pneumonia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium
122 (a) Richin is toxin but not drug
123 (4) Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis.
124 (3) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
125 (2) Venereal disease can spread through transfusion of blood from infected person, infected mother to foetus, etc. Kissing can also transmit a few STIs like CMV (cytomegalovirus), HSV (herpes simplex virus) and syphilis. Kissing also can transmit a few STIs like CMV, herpes and syphilis
126(3) Filariasis is the disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, filarial worm. Amoebiasis/Amoebic dysentery is caused by a protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica in the large intestine of human. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Ringworm is caused by fungi belonging to genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.
