1. The common mode of sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas is
(a) isogamous
(b) anisogamous
(c) oogamous
(d) hologamous
2. Which one has the largest gametophyte?
(a) Cycas
(b) Angiosperm
(c) Selaginella
(d) Moss
3. Bryophytes are amphibians because
(a) they require a layer of water for carrying out sexual reproduction
(b) they occur in damp places
(c) they are mostly aquatic
(d) all the above
4. A plant in which sporophytic generation is represented by zygote
(a) Pinus
(b) Selaginella
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Dryopteris
5. The plant group that produces spores and embryo but lacks vascular tissues and seeds is
(a) Pteridophyta
(b) Rhodophyta
(c) Bryophyta
(d) Phaeophyta
6. Which one of the following is not common between Funaria and Selaginella?
(a) Archegonium
(b) Embryo
(c) Flagellate sperms
(d) Roots
7. A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and fruits belongs to
(a) Pteridophytes
(b) Mosses
(c) Ferns
(d) Gymnosperms
8. In Pinus, the pollen grain has 6 chromosomes then in its endosperm will have
(a) 12
(b) 18
(c) 6
(d) 24
9. Resin and turpentine are obtainedfrom
(a) Cycas
(b) Pinus
(c) Cedrus
(d) Abies
10. Turpentine is obtained from
(a) Angiospermous wood
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Gymnospermous wood
(d) Ferns
11. Pteridophytes differ from mosses/bryophytes in possessing
(a) independent gametophyte
(b) well developed vascular system
(c) archegonia
(d) flagellate spermatozoids
12. In Ulothrix/Spirogyra, reduction division (meiosis) occurs at the time of
(a) gamete formation
(b) zoospore formation
(c) zygospore germination
(d) vegetative reproduction
13. Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas is
(a) stellate
(b) cup-shaped
(c) collar-shaped
(d) spiral
14. Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of
(a) porphyra
(b) enzymes
(c) fat
(d) starch
15. Pinus differs from mango in having
(a) tree habit
(b) green leaves
(c) ovules not enclosed in ovary
(d) wood
16. Which one is the most advanced from evolutionary point of view.
(a) Selaginella
(b) Funaria
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Pinus
17. The ‗wing‘ of Pinus seed is derived from
(a) testa
(b) testa and tegmen
(c) surface of ovuliferous scale
(d) all the above
18. Unique features of Bryophytes isthat they
(a) produce spores
(b) have sporophyte attached to gametophyte
(c) lack roots
(d) lack vascular tissues.
19. In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by
(a) Isogamy and anisogamy
(b) Isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
(c) Oogamy only
(d) Anisogamy and oogamy
20. Which of the following cannot fix nitrogen?
(a) Nostoc
(b) Azotobacter
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Anabaena
21. The absence of chlorophyll, in the lowermost cell of Ulothrix, shows
(a) functional fission
(b) tissue formation
(c) cell characteristic
(d) beginning of labour division
22. Agar is commercially obtained from
(a) red algae
(b) green algae
(c) brown algae
(d) blue-green algae
23. The plant body of moss (Funaria) is
(a) completely sporophyte
(b) completely gametophyte
(c) predominantly sporophyte with gametophyte
(d) Predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte
24. A well developed archegonium with neck consisting of 4-6 rows of neck canal cells, characterises
(a) Gymnosperms only
(b) Bryophytes and pteridophytes
(c) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms
(d) Gymnosperms and flowering plants
25. The ‗amphibians‘ of plant kingdom are
(a) unicellular motile algae
(b) multicellular non-motile algae
(c) bryophytes with simple internal organization
(d) pteridophytes with complex internal organization not reaching angiosperm level.
26. In which one of these the elaters are present along with mature spores in the Capsule ( to help in spore dispersal)?
(a) Riccia
(b) Marchantia
(c) Funaria
(d) Sphagnum
27. Seed-habit first originated in
(a) certain ferns
(b) certain pines
(c) certain monocots
(d) primitive dicots
28. Which one of the following is a living fossil?
(a) Pinus
(b) Opuntia
(c) Ginkgo
(d) Thuja
29. Blue-green algae belong to
(a) Eukaryotes
(b) Prokaryotes
(c) Rhodophyceae
(d) Chlorophyceae
30. An alga very rich in protein is
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Ulothrix
(c) Oscillatoria
(d) Chlorella
31. Multicellular branched rhizoids and leafy gametophytes are characteristic of
(a) all bryophytes
(b) some bryophytes
(c) all pteridophytes
(d) some peteriodphytes
32. Ulothrix filaments produce
(a) isogametes
(b) anisogametes
(c) heterogametes
(d) basidiospores
33. Bryophytes can be separated from algae because they
(a) are thalloid forms
(b) have no conducting tissue
(c) possess archegonia with outer layer of sterile cells
(d) contain chloroplasts in their cells
34. Brown algae is characterised by the presence of
(a) phycocyanin
(b) phycoerythrin
(c) fucoxanthin
(d) haematochrome
35. Which one of the following statements about Cycas is incorrect?
(a) It does not have a well-organized female flower
(b) It has circinate vernation
(c) Its xylem is mainly composed of xylem vessels
(d) Its roots contain some blue-green algae.
36. Ulothrix can be described as a
(a) non-motile colonial alga lacking zoospores
(b) filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive stages
(c) membranous alga producing zoospores
(d) filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages
37. Bryophytes are dependent on water because
(a) water is essential for fertilization for their homosporous nature
(b) water is essential for their vegetative propagation
(c) the sperms can easily reach upto egg in the archegonium
(d) archegonium has to remain filled with water for fertilization
38. The ―walking‖ fern is so named because
(a) it is dispersed through the agency of walking animals
(b) it propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips
(c) it knows how to walk by itself
(d) its spores are able to walk
39. Largest sperms in the plant world are found in
(a) Pinus
(b) Banyan
(c) Cycas
(d) Thuja
40. The antherozoids of Funaria are
(a) aciliated
(b) flagellated
(c) multiciliated
(d) monociliated
41. Bryophytes comprise
(a) sporophyte of longer duration
(b) dominant phase of sporophyte which is parasitic
(c) dominant phase of gametophyte which produces spores
(d) small sporophyte phase and generally parasitic on gametophyte.
42. In which of the following would you place the plants having vascular tissue lacking seeds?
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperms
43. Which of the following is true about bryophytes?
(a) They possess archegonia
(b) They contain chloroplast
(c) They are thalloid
(d) All of these
44. Columella is a specialised structure found in the sporangium of
(a) Ulothrix
(b) Rhizopus
(c) Spirogyra
(d) None of these
45. Dichotomous branching is found in
(a) Fern
(b) Funaria
(c) Liverworts
(d) Marchantia
46. The largest ovules, largest male and female gametes and largest plants are found among
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Tree ferns and some monocots
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Dicotyledonous plants
47. In Ferns meiosis occurs when [2000]
(a) spore germinates
(b) gametes are formed
(c) spores are formed
(d) antheridia and archegonia are formed
48. One of the most important reasons why wild plants should thrive is that they are good sources of
(a) highly nutritive animal feed
(b) unsaturated edible oils
(c) genes for resistance to disease and pests
(d) very rare and highly sought after fruits of medical importance
49. Floridean starch is found in
(a) Chlorophyceae
(b) Rhodophyceae
(c) Myxophyceae
(d) Cyanophyceae
50. A research student collected certain alga and found that its cells contained both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well as phycoerythrin. The alga belongs to
(a) Rhodophyceae
(b) Bacillariophyceae
(c) Chlorophyceae
(d) Phaeophyceae
51. Cycas have two cotyledons but not included in angiosperms because of
(a) Naked ovules
(b) Seems like monocot
(c) Circinate ptyxis
(d) Compound leaves
52. Which of the following plants produces seeds but not flowers?
(a) Maize
(b) Mint
(c) Peepal
(d) Pinus
53. Which of the following is without exception in angiosperms?
(a) presence of vessels
(b) double fertilisation
(c) secondary growth
(d) autotrophic nutrition
54. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is an advanced feature because it shows
(a) physiologically differentiated sex organs
(b) different sizes of motile sex organs
(c) same size of motile sex organs
(d) morphologically different sex organs
55. Which one of the following pairs of plants are not seed producers?
(a) Funaria and Pinus
(b) Fern and Funaria
(c) Funaria and Ficus
(d) Ficus and Chlamydomonas
56. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent the grouping Spermatophyta according to one of the schemes of classifying plants?
(a) Ginkgo, Pisum
(b) Acacia, Sugarcane
(c) Pinus, Cycas
(d) Rhizopus, Triticum
57. Which of the following propagates through leaf- tip?
(a) Walking fern
(b) Sproux-leaf plant
(c) Marchantia
(d) Moss
58. Which one of the following is a living fossil?
(a) Cycas
(b) Moss
(c) Saccharomyces
(d) Spirogyra
59. Match items in Column I with those in Column II:
Column I Column II
(A) Peritrichous (J) Ginkgo flagellation
(B) Living fossil (K) Macrocystis
(C)Rhizophore (L) Escherichia coli
(D) Smallest (M) Selaginella flowering plant
(E) Largest perennial ( N) Wolffia alga
Select the correct answer from the following:
(a) A-L; B-J; C-M; D-N; E-K;
(b) A-K; B-J; C-L; D-M; E-N
(c) A-N; B-L; C-K; D-N; E-J;
(d) A-J; B-K; C-N; D-L; E-K
60. In a moss the sporophyte
(a) produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte
(b) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte
(c) manufactures food for itself as well as for the gametophyte
(d) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
61. Peat Moss is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because
(a) it is hygroscopic
(b) It reduces transpiration
(c) it serves as a disinfectant
(d) it is easily available
62. Conifers differ from grasses in the
(a) lack of xylem tracheids
(b) absence of pollen tubes
(c) Self fertilization is prevented.
(d) there is no change in success rate of fertilization.
63. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature a different times. As a result
(a) there is high degree of sterility
(b) one can conclude that the plant is apomictic
(c) self-fertilization is prevented
(d) there is no change in success rate of fertilization
64. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose?
(a) nature of stored food materials in the cell
(b) structural organization of thallus
(c) chemical composition of the cell wall
(d) types of pigments present in the cell.
65. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets?
(a) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla
(b) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
(c) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
(d) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra
66. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents
(a) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
(b) an opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg
(c) the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
(d) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed.
67. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
(a) indusium
(b) calyptra
(c) peristome teeth
(d) elaters
68. In which one of the following, male and female gametophytes do not have free living independent existence?
(a) Pteris
(b) Funaria
(c) Polytrichum
(d) Cedrus
69. Which one of the following is heterosporous?
(a) Dryopteris
(b) Salvinia
(c) Adiantum
(d) Equisetum
70. Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms
(a) absence of resin duct and leaf venation
(b) presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
(c) perianth and two integuments
(d) embryo development and apical meristem.
71. Which one of the following plants is monoecious?
(a) Pinus
(b) Cycas
(c) Papaya
(d) Marchantia
72. Which one of the following has haplontic life cycle?
(a) Polytrichum
(b) Ustilago
(c) Wheat
(d) Funaria
73. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam?
(a) Ginkgo
(b) Marchantia
(c) Cedrus
(d) Equisetum
74. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free -living in:
(a) Mustard
(b) Castor
(c) Pinus
(d) Sphagnum
75. Algae have cell wall made up of:
(a) cellulose, galactans and mannans
(b) hemicellulose, pectins and proteins
(c) pectins, cellulose and proteins
(d) cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins
76. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic (pH2) habitats belong to the two groups:
(a) Eubacteria and archaea
(b) Cyanobacteria and diatoms
(c) Protists and mosses
(d) Liverworts and yeasts
77. In angiosperms, functional megaspore develops into
(a) embryo sac
(b) ovule
(c) endosperm
(d) pollen sac
78. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having:
(a) Seeds
(b) Motile Sperms
(c) Cambium
(d) Vessels
79. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage
(b) In gymnosperms female gametophyte is free-living
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
80. Which one of the following is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and protonema of mosses
(a) Diplontic life cycle
(b) Members of kingdom plantae
(c) Mode of Nutrition
(d) Multiplication by fragmentation
81. Read the following five statements
(A – E) and answer the question.
(A) In Equisetum the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte.
(B) In Ginkgo male gametophyte is not independent.
(C) The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than that in Polytrichum.
(D) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
(E) The spores of slime molds lack cell walls. How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
82. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched?
(a) Ginkgo -Archegonia
(b) Salvinia – Prothallus
(c) Viroids – RNA
(d) Mustard – Synergids
83. Besides paddy fields cyanobacteria are also found inside vegetative part of:
(a) Cycas
(b) Equisetum
(c) Psilotum
(d) Pinus
84. Isogamous condition with nonflagellated gametes is found in:
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Volvox
(c) Fucus
(d) Chlamydomonas
85. Read the following statements (A-E) and answer the question which follows them.
1. In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are free-living
2. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous.
3. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is oogamous
4.The sporophyte in liveworts is more elaborate than that in mosses
5. Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious
How many of the above statements are
correct?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One
86. Which of the following is not correctly matched for the organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme?
(a) Plant cells-Cellulase
(b) Algae-Methylase
(c) Fungi-Chitinase
(d) Bacteria-Lysozyme
87. The plant body is thalloid in
(a) Funaria
(b) Sphagnum
(c) Salvinia
(d) Marchantia
88. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris and Ginkgo?
(a) Independent sporophyte
(b) Presence of archegonia
(c) Well developed vascular tissues
(d) Independent gametophyte
89. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
(a) Nostoc-Water blooms
(b) Spirogyra-Motile gametes
(c) Sargassum-Chlorophyll c
(d) Basidiomycetes-Puffballs
90. Sexual reproduction involving fusion of two cells in Chlamydomonas is
(a) isogamy
(b) homogamy
(c) somatogamy
(d) hologamy
91. Prothallus (gametophyte) gives rise to fern plant (sporophyte) without
fertilization. It is
(a) apospory
(b) apogamy
(c) parthenocarpy
(d) parthenogenesis
92. In gymnosperms like Pinus and Cycas, the endosperm is
(a) triploid
(b) haploid
(c) diploid
(d) tetraploid
93. Evolutionary important character of
Selaginella is
(a) heterosporous nature
(b) rhizophore
(c) strobili
(d) ligule
94. Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris were released together near the archegonia of Pteris. Only its sperms enter the archegonia as
(a) Pteris archegonia repel Funaria sperms
(b) Funaria sperms get killed by Pteris sperms
(c) Funaria sperms are less mobile
(d) Pteris archegonia release chemical to attract its sperms
95. In Pinus/gymnosperms, the haploid structure are
(a) megaspore, endosperm and embryo
(b) megaspore, pollen grain and endosperm
(c) megaspore, integument and root
(d) pollen grain, leaf and root
96. Apophysis in the capsule of Funaria is
(a) lower part
(b) upper part
(c) middle part
(d) fertile part
97. Moss peristome takes part in
(a) spore dispersal
(b) photosynthesis
(c) protection
(d) absorption
98. Protonema occurs in the life cycle of
(a) Riccia
(b) Funaria
(c) Somatogamy
(d) Spirogyra
99. The product of conjugation in Spirogyra or fertilization of Chlamydomonas is
(a) zygospore
(b) zoospore
(c) oospore
(d) carpospore
100.In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires
(a) birds
(b) water
(c) wind
(d) insects
101.If the cells of root in wheat plant have 42 chromosomes, then the no. of chromosome in the cell of pollen grain is
(a) 14
(b) 28
(c) 21
(d) 42
102.Consider the following statements regarding the major pigments and stored food in the different groups of algae and choose the correct option
(i) In chlorophyceae, the stored food material is starch and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a and d.
(ii) In phaeophyceae, laminarian is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophyll-a and b.
(iii) In rhodophyceae, floridean starch is the stored food and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a, d and phycoerythrin
(a) (i) is correct, but (ii) and (iii) are incorrect
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct, but (iii) is incorrect
(c) (i) and (iii) are correct, but (ii) is incorrect
(d) (iii) is correct, but (i) and (ii) are incorrect
103.Which of the following is responsible for peat formation?
(a) Marchantia
(b) Riccia
(c) Funaria
(d) Sphagnum
104.Monoecious plant of Chara shows occurrence of
(a) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the same plant
(b) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant
(c) antheridiophore and archegoniophore on the same plant
(d) stamen and carpel on the same plant.
105.Syngamy can occur outside the body of the organism in
(a) mosses
(b) algae
(c) fungi
(d) ferns
106.Which of the following diseases is caused by viroid ?
(a) Polio
(b) Diphtheria
(c) Alzheimers
(d) Typhoid
107.Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, the gametophytes of vascular plants tend to be
(a) smaller but to have larger sex organs
(b) larger but to have smaller sex organs
(c) larger and to have larger sex organs
(d) smaller and to have smaller sex organs
108.Consider the following four statements whether they are correct or wrong.
A. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses.
B. Salvinia is heterosporous.
C. The lifecycle in all seedbearing plants is diplontic.
D. In Pinus male and female cones are borne on different trees.
The two wrong statements together are
(a) B and C
(b) A and B
(c) A and C
(d) A and D
109.Lichens were first discovered by ___
(a) Iyengar
(b) Tulsane
(c) Pasteur
(d) Shiv Ram Kashyap
110.Sporocarp is a reproductive structure of
(a) Some algae
(b) Some aquatic ferns having sori
(c) Angiosperms having spores
(d) Bryophytes
111.Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
(a) indusium
(b) calyptra
(c) peristome teeth
(d) elaters
112.Which of the following statement is true for bryophyta
(a) Along with water absorption roots also provide anchorment to plants
(b) Sporophyte is dominant
(c) Gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is mostly parasitic
(d) Gametophyte is parasitic
113.Which one of the following is a correct statement?
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage.
(b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is freeliving.
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes.
114.Diversification in plant life appeared
(a) due to long periods of evolutionary changes
(b) due to abrupt mutations
(c) suddenly on earth
(d) by seed dispersal
115.Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms.
(a) Perianth and two integuments
(b) Embryo development and apical meristem
(c) Absence of resin duct and leaf venation
(d) Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
116.Evolutionary important character of Selaginella is
(a) heterosporous nature
(b) rhizophore
(c) strobili
(d) ligule
117.Pre-fertilized endosperm is characteristic of _____
(a) Pteridophytes
(b) Angiosperms
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Bryophytes
118.People recovering from long illness are often advised to include the alga Spirulina in their diet because it
(a) makes the food easy to digest.
(b) is rich in proteins.
(c) has antibiotic properties.
(d) restores the intestinal microflora.
119.In Ulothrix,meiosis takes place in
(a) cells of the filament
(b) holdfast
(c) zygote
(d) zoospores
120. An example of colonial alga is :
(a) Volvox
(b) Ulothrix
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Chlorella
121. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of;
(a) Fucus
(b) Funaria
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Marchantia
123. Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively are:
(a) Diplontic, Haplodiplontic
(b) Haplodiplontic, Diplontic
(c) Haplodiplontic, Haplontic
(d) Haplontic, Diplontic
124. Select the mismatch
(a) Cycas . Dioecious
(b) Salvinia . Heterosporous
(c) Equisetum . Homosporous
(d) Pinus . Dioecious
125. Which one is wrongly matched?
(a) Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
(b) Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae
(c) Unicellular organism – Chlorella
(d) Gemma cups – Marchantia
126. From evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo on the parent sporophyte for some time, is first observed in :
(a) Liverworts
(b) Mosses
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperms
127. Pinus seed cannot germinate and established without fungal association. This is because :
(a) its embryo is immature.
(b) it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.
(c) it has very hard seed coat.
(d) its seeds contain inhibitors that present germination.
128. Floridean starch has structure similar to
(a) Mannitol and algin
(b) Laminarin and cellulose
(c) Starch and cellulose
(d) Amylopectin and glycogen
129. Which of the following pairs is of unicellular algae?
(a) Anabaena and Volvox
(b) Chlorella and Spirulina
(c) Laminaria and Sargassum
(d) Gelidium and Gracilaria
130. Strobili or cones are found in
(a) Marchantia
(b) Equisetum
(c) Salvinia
(d) Pteris
131 Which of the following algae produce Carrageen?
(a) Blue-green algae
(b) Green algae
(c) Brown algae
(d) Red algae
132. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores. Such plants are known as:
(a) Heterosporous
(b) Homosorus
(c) Heterosorus
(d) Homosporous
SOLUTIONS
1Solution: (a) In Chlamydomonas, sexual reproduction takes place through:
(1)Isogamy: Fusion of 2 similar gametes. (2)Anisogamy: Fusion between morphological similar but physiologically different gametes.
(3)Oogamy: Fusion between two dissimilar gametes. (4)Hologamy: Fusion of two young cells. Most common mode is isogamy.
2.Solution: (d) As one moves from thallophyta → Bryophyta → Pteriodophyta → Gymnosperm → Angiosperms, there is reduction in the gametophyte and elaboration of sporophyte. Hence, in this question moss has largest gametophyte Moss → Selaginella → Cycas → Angiosperm
→ Reduction in Gametophyte.
3.Solution: (a) Bryophytes are amphibians because they complete their vegetative phase on land but water is necessary for their reproductive
phase.
4.Solution: (c) The plant body of Chlamydomonas is gametophyte (haploid). It reproduces asexually by zoospore formation and sexually by gametes. Gametes are isogametes which fuses to produce diploid zygote which is the only structure representing sporophytic generation. In
Pinus main plant body is sporophyte same is the case with Selaginella and Dryopteris.
5.Solution: (c) Bryophytes are the plants which produces spores and embryo but no vascular tissues are present, although primitive type of conducting tissues are present in the form of hadrome and leptome. • Rhodophytes & phaeophytes are algae produces spores, no embryo & vascular tissue • Pteridophytes have spores, embryo and true vascular tissues.
6.Solution: (d) Funaria is moss (Bryophyte) possesses archegonium, embryo, flagellated sperms. These are also present in Selaginella
(Pteriodophyte) but it also has roots which are absent in Funaria.
7.Solution: (d) Gymnosperms are vascular land plants having naked ovules i.e., ovules are not enclosed in a ovary hence, flower is absent.
Ovules after fertilization produces naked seeds. Pteridophytes (ferns) and mosses do not produce seed.
8. Solution: (c) Pollen grains are haploid (n). If haploid no. of chromosomes are 6 then endosperm will also have 6 chromosomes as it is formed
before fertilization and is haploid.
9.Solution: (b) Pinus species → Resins and turpentine Cedrus → Timber for railway sleepers Abies → Paper, canada balsam. Cycas →
ornamental plant
10.Solution: (c) Turpentine is extracted from the wood (xylem) of Pinus (Gymnosperm). Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the complex
distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly various species of pine (Pinus). It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and betapinene. Turpentine oil is obtained by boiling resin at 155 degrees Celsius in large tubs. It has a potent odor that is similar to that of nail polish remover.
11.Solution: (b) Well developed vascular system present in the members of Pteridophytes but absent in mosses as the plant body is sporophyte
which is distinguished into true root, stem and leaves. Independent gametophyte, archegonia flagellate spermatozoids are present in moss and pteridophyte both.
12.Solution: (c) Plant body of Ulothrix and Spirogyra is gametophyte (haploid), they produce zoogametes(n) which fuses to form
zygospore (2n) diploid, which is a resting spore. On set of favourable condition zygospore undergoes reductional division or meiosis to produce zoospores which give rise to new plant.
13.Solution: (b) Shape and number of chloroplast in different member of algae is different Chlamydomonas – cup shaped, 1/cell Zygnema – Stellate, 2/cell Spirogyra – Spiral, 1/ cell Ulothrix – Collar shaped, 1/cell
14.Solution: (d) In cell biology, pyrenoids are centers of carbon dioxide fixation within the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts. Pyrenoids are not membrane-bound organelles, but specialized areas of the plastid that contain high levels of ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RubisCO). RubisCO fixes carbon dioxide by adding it to the 5-carbon sugarphosphate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, yielding two molecules of the 3-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglycerate. In a competing reaction, the enzyme uses xygen to break down ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate to hosphoglycolate and 3- phosphoglycerate, with no net fixation of carbon.
15.Solution: (c) Pinus is a member of Gymnosperm in which ovules are not enclosed in the ovary i.e. naked seed, whereas mango is a typical
angiosperm whose ovules are enclosed in ovary i.e., Presence of fruit.
16.Solution: (d) Pinus is a conifer, a member of Gymnosperm has well developed conducting tissue and presence of seed, whereas Selaginella is a member of pteridophyte (Heterospory), Funaria is a moss, Chlamydomonas is an alga.
17.Solution: (c) The ovules matures into seed. Which is provided with wings. The upper surface of ovuliferous scale forms the membranous
wings of the seed which helps in dispersal of the seed. The time taken from cone formation to seed dispersal is about two years in Pinus.
18.Solution: (b) In bryophytes the plant body is gametophyte and sporophyte remain attached to the gametophyte and produces spores. Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.
19.Solution: (b) In chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction takes place by all the three processes
1. Isogamy – Fusion of morphologically and physiologically similar gametes.
2. Anisogamy – Morphologically similar but physiologically dissimilar gametes.
3. Oogamy – Fusing gametes are dissimilar in all respect.
20. Spirogyra is a member of green algae which cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen. Only Nostoc and Anabaena (Blue green algae) and Azotobacter (bacteria) can fix nitrogen.
21.Solution: (d) Lowermost cell in Ulothrix functions as the holdfast. It is meant for attaching the filaments to the substratum which shows
beginning of labour division.
22.Solution: (a)
23.Solution: (d) The gametophtytic generation represents the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes. The sporophyte phase is
dependent on the gametophyte. That is why, the plant body of Funaria is predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte.
24.Solution: (b) Archegonia is the female sex organ of bryophytes and pteridophytes. Its neck region is made up of 4-6 vertical rows of cells.
25.Solution: (c) Bryophytes are terrestial plants but they require a thin film of water on the surface of their substratum during sexual
reproduction hence they are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
26.Solution: (b) In Marchantia capsule elaters are present which help in dispersal of spores.
27.Solution: (a) Seed habit originated in Cycadophiles or pteridosperms.
28.Solution: (c) Ginkgophyta is an ancient group of which the sole living representative or living fossil is Ginkgo biloba or Maiden hair tree which
is native of South China.
29.Solution: (b) Blue green algae or cyanobacteria come under Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes lack a well defined nucleus surrounded by nuclear
membrane. Eukaryotes have well organised nucleus. Rhodophyceae & Chlorophyceae are members of algae which come under eukaryotes.
30.Solution: (d) Chlorella can be grown to provide human food rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Chlorella has been
researched as a potential source of food and energy, because its efficiency of photosynthesis can reach 8%, this is comparable with other highly efficient crops such as sugar cane. It is high in protein and other essential nutrients. When dried, it is about 45 percent protein, 20 percent
fat, 20 percent carbohydrate, 5% fiber, and 10 percent minerals and vitamins.
31.Solution: (b) In pteridophytes, the gametophyte is independently living small thalloid structure called prothallus. In pteridophytes the primary roots are replaced by adventitious roots. Whereas in bryophytes the gametophyte is leafy.
32.Solution: (a) The agar is obtained from several member of red algae such as a Glacilaria. Gelidium , Chondrus etc Agar gels are extensively used for growing micro organisms.
33.Solution: (c) Archegonium is the flask shaped female sex organ in bryophytes while Algae have nonjacketed sex organs (gametangia).
34. Solution: (c) Phycoerythrins are accessory photosynthetic pigments along with phycocyanins. Haematochrome is a pigment in the blood. Brown algae is brown due to fucoxanthin.
35.Solution: (c) In Cycas, conducting part of xylem consists of tracheids.
36.Solution: (d) Spirogyra is a filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive stages.
37.Solution: (c) Bryophytes require a thin film of water on the surface of their substratum during sexual reproduction for the following
reasons: (i) dehiscence of antheridia requires absorption of water from outside
38.Solution: (b) Vegetative reproduction occurs in ferns by fragmentation of rhizome and growth of adventitious buds. In Adiantum caudatum
the adventitious buds occur at the leaf tips hence it is called the walking fern because of its ability to form new ferns whenever the leaf tip happens to come in contact with soil.
39.Solution: (c) The sperms of Cycas are the largest in the plant kingdom reaching a size of 300 mm. Egg of Cycas and its nucleus are also the
largest in the plant kingdom.
40.Solution: (b) Antherozoids of Funaria bear two flagella at anterior end and is spirally coiled.
41.Solution: (d) In bryophytes, the dominant and independent living phase of the life cycle is gametophyte. Sporophyte is always attached and dependent upon the gametophytic plant body for water supply, fixation, and part or whole nutrient requirement.
42.Solution: (c) Pteridophytes are primitive seedless vascular plants. Bryophytes are non vascular embryophytes. Gymnosperms are
seed plants in which conducting part of xylem consist of tracheids. Algae are nonvascular photosynthetic aquatics forming accessory spores for asexual reproduction.
43.Solution: (d) Bryophytes are non vascular embryophytes characterized by the presence of an independent gametophyte and a parasitic sporophyte. Plant body is either thalloid or foliose. Archegonium is the flask shaped female sex organ. They bear chloroplast.
44. Solution: (b) Ulothrix is a green alga. Spirogyra is a filamentous green alga. In Rhizopus the columella bears the spores for asexual
reproduction.
45.Solution: (d) In mosses branching is lateral but extraaxillary (Funaria). Marchantia is a dorsiventral dichotomously branched thalloid liverwort. In Sphagnum branching is profuse.
46.Solution: (c) Egg of Cycas (Gymnosperms) and its nucleus are the largest in the plant kingdom. The sperms of Cycas are also the largest in the plant kingdom.
47.Solution: (c) Gametic meiosis is found in all animals. In sporic meiosis the sporophyte produces sporangia where meiosis occurs producing
haploid spores.
48.Solution: (c) Wild varieties have the genes for the resistance to disease and pests.
49.Solution: (b) Reserve food in red algae (Rhodophyceae) is Floridean starch. In green algae (Chlorophyceae), reserve food is starch. In
brown algae, reserve food is laminarin and manitol. In cyanophyceae reserve food is cyanophycean starch.
50.Solution: (a) In green algae, the photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a & b, carotenes and xanthophylls. In phaeophyceae, the pigments are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c and carotenes and xanthophylls. Phycoerythrin gives red colour to Rhodophyceae.
51.Solution: (a) In Cycas (gymnosperm) the seed does not occur inside a fruit but lies naked or exposed on the surface of megasporophyll.
52.Solution: (d) Maize, Mint and Peepal are flowering plants or angiosperms but Pinus is a gymnosperm in which seeds are produced
but flowers are not produced or seeds are not enclosed in flowers.
53.Solution: (b) Vesselless angiosperms are Wintera, Trochodendron etc. Secondary growth is absent in some angiosperms. Angiospermic
plants are autotrophic in nutrition. But some angiosperms are heterotrophic in nutrition. The 4 special modes of nutrition and their examples are: (i) Saprophytic: e.g. Neottia, Monotropa. (ii) Symbiotic – e.g. Mycorrhiza-between fungus and roots of higher plants. (iii) Parasitic – Cuscuta. (iv)
Insectivorous plant – Nepenthes. Double fertilization is characteristic of all angiosperms.
54.Solution: (a) Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra occurs by conjugation involving union of two gametes. The fusing gametes are similar
but one is more active and passes into the other cell. This differentiation of gametes is called physiological anisogamy.
55.Solution: (b) Pteridophytes (fern) and bryophytes (Funaria) are seedless plants. Gymnosperms (pines) and angiosperms (Ficus) are seed bearing plants.
56.Solution: (a) Spermatophytes are the seed plants. They are the plants bearing seeds containing a dormant embryo. It includes gymnosperms
and angiosperms. Ginkgo belongs to group gymnosperms and pisum belongs to group angiosperms.
57.Solution: (a) In mosses vegetative propagation occurs by fragmentation. Marchantia is a liverwort in which propagation also occurs by
fragmentation. Walking fern Adiantum propagates through leaf tip.
58.Solution: (a) Ginkgo biloba is called the living fossil. But Cycas revoluta a native of China and Japan common known as ―Tesso‖ or Sago
palm‖ is also called living fossil due to its primitive characters.
59.Solution: (a) Peritrichous flagellation: Flagella all around e.g. Escherichia coli. Living fossil: Organisms which have undergone very
little change since they first evolved e.g. Ginkgo. Rhizophore: Rhizophores are present in Selaginella which is a colourless, leafless, positively geotropic, elongated structure. Smallest flowering plant: Wolffia. Largest perennial alga: Macrocystis.
60.Solution: (d) In moss main plant body is gametophyte & sporophyte is meant for spore dispersal mainly. Hence it is called that the
sporophyte is partially parasitic on gametophyte.
61.Solution: (a) Peat Moss is used wherever we require to retain water for a long because Peat Mosses are hygroscopic in nature and they absorb
the moisture from the atmosphere and this moisture keep the living materials and flowers fresh for a long time.
62.Solution :(c) Confiers (Gymnosperms) differ from grasses (angiosperms)because in gymnosperms the female gametophyte is actually endosperm which is made before fertilization. While in grasses endosperm is a tissue formed by the fertilization of second male gamete to polar nuclei. Moreover in gymnosperms the endospermis a haploid tissue while in angiosperms it is triploid.
63.Solution: (c) In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogams the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times which result in failurity of
self-fertilization.
64.Solution: (d) It will be types of pigment present in the cell like Rhodophyceae shows presence of phycoerythrin, chlorophyceae shows presence of phycocyanin in etc.
65.Solution: (c) The male gametes of bryophytes are biflagellate, and those of pteriodophytes are multiflagellate, except Selaginella having
biflagellate gametes. The male gametes of gymnosperms are non motile except those of Cycas having multiciliate gametes.
66.Solution: (c) The fertile region of microsporophyll bears a number of microsporangia or pollen sacs arranged in sori. The pollen chamber
represents microsporangium in which pollen grains develop.
67.Solution: (d) Elater is an elongated, spirally thickened, water-attracting cell in the capsule of a liverwort, derived from sporogenous tissue
and assist in spore dispersal. In mosses calyptra is a structure initially present around sporophyte then later get break. It is developed from ventral wall after fertilization. It provides protective covering to the developing sporogonium. Peristome teeth are found in capsule of moss. These
are present below operculum and are hygroscopic in nature.
68.Solution: (d) Male and female gametophytes of Cedrus do not have free living independent existence. Cedrus belongs to conifer.
69.Solution: (b) Salvinia is an aquatic fern with both annual and perennial species- b is heterosporous i.e. with two types of spores, microspores and megaspores. 70. showing affinities with angiosperms are presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia.
71.Solution: (a) Pinus plant is monoecious i.e. both male and female cone are present in same plant but on different branches. Pinus, with over
100 species, is the largest genus of conifers and the most widespread genus of trees in the Northern Hemisphere. Pinus are also
extensively planted in temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Pines have a relatively rich fossil record.
72.Solution: (b) Ustilago has a haplontic life cycle. This is a simplest and most primitive type of life cycle. The other pattern of life-cycle have
originated from this type. This type is found in all Chlorophyceae. In such cases the somatic phase (plant) is haploid (Gametophyte) while the diploid phase (Sporophyte) is represented by zygote. During germination the zygote (2n) divides meiotically producing haploid (n) zoospores,
which develop into individual plant. Here the unicellular or filamentous gametophyte (n) alternates with one-celled zygote or sporophyte (2n). The haploid filamentous plants are known as haplonts which reproduce asexually by zoospores or aplanospores producing the individals like
parents.
73.Solution: (d) Equisetum is a vascular cryptogams. Equisetum is the only living genus in the Equisetaceae, a family of vascular plants
that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. They are commonly known as horse tails. Equisetum is a ―living fossil,‖ as it is the only known genus of the entire class Equisetopsida.
74.Solution: (d) Sphagnum is a bryophyte in which male and female gametophytes are independent and free living. In pinus (a gymnosperm),
mustard and castor (angiosperms), the main plant body is sporophytic. Gametophyte is highly reduced and is completely dependent on sporophyte.
75.Solution: (a) Algae posses a definite cell wall containing cellulose, galactans and mannas.
76.Solution: (a) Hyperthermophilic organism that grow in highly acidic habitats belong to eubacteria and archae groups.
77.Solution: (a) During megagametogenesis functional megaspore (mostly chalazal) gives rise to embryo sac. This is the mature female
gametophyte generation.
78.Solution: (b) Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum known as Maiden hair fern is a pteridophyte resemble each other in having motile sperm. Seeds, cambium are common in gymno-sperms and absent in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both pteridophytes and gymnospems.
79.Solution: (d) (1) Gametophyte of bryophytes bears protonemal & leafy stage.
(2) In gymnosperm female gametophyte is not free living.
(3) They are present in Marchantia or which is a bryophyte.
(4)Origin of seed habit started in pteridophyte Selaginaella.
80.Solution: (d)
81.Solution: (a) Statement (A) and (B) are correct Riccia is liverwort in which simplest sporophyte consists of capsule only while Polytrichum
is moss in which sporophyte consists of foot seta & capsule. Volvox is a fresh water green colonial alga. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction is oogamous. Slime molds are consumer decomposer protists. They possess characters of plants (cellulosic cell wall),
animals (phagotrophic nutrition) and fungi (spores).
82.Solution: (a) rchegonia are not formed in Ginkgo.
83.Solution: (a) In Cycas specialised root called coralloid roots are associated with N2 – fixing cyanobacteria either Nostoc or Anabaena.
Coralloid roots lie near the soil surface. They are irregular and often dichotomously branched. Root hair and root cap are absent in these roots.
84.Solution: (a) In Spirogyra, sexual reproduction occurs through conjugation. Gametes are nonflagellated morphologically similar. But
physiologically different (isogamy with physiological anisogamy). Volvox and fucus are examples of oogamous and Chlamydomonas contains isogamous flagellated gametes.
85.Solution: (b) In liverworts and ferns gametophytes are free living while in fern sporophytes are free living. Gymnosperms and genera like
Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous. The sporophyte in mosses are more elaborate than that of liverworts, Pinus is monoecious and heterosporous. Marchantia is dioecious.
86.Solution: (b) Algae is a plant and so its cell wall is made up of cellulose. Cellulase enzyme is needed for degradation of its cell wall.
87.Solution: (d) The plant body of a liverwort is haploid (n), gametophytic, small, dorsoventrally flattened, thallose, dichotomously branched
fixed by unicellular and unbranched rhizoids, e.g., Marchantia.
88.Solution: (b) Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum known as maiden hair fern is a pteridophyte resemble each other in having motile sperm. Seeds, cambium are common In gymno-sperms and absent in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both pteridophytes and gymnospems.
89.Solution: (b) Cyanobacteria, e.g., Nostoc, grow in such abundance as to form water blooms. Sargassum belongs to brown algae which
possess chl a, c, carotenoids, xanthophyll and a characteristic brown pigment, fucoxanthin. Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs. In Spirogyra gametes are non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size. They show amoeboid movements.
90.Solution: (a) Isogamy refers to a form of sexual reproduction involving gametes of the same size. Since both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as ―male‖ or ―female.‖ Instead, organisms undergoing isogamy are said to have different mating types, most commonly noted as ―+‖ and ―–‖ strains. Fertilization occurs when ―+‖ and ―–‖ gametes fuse to form a zygote. There are several types of isogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and thus motile. This type occurs for example in algae such as Chlamydomonas. A. Isogamy of motile cells B. Isogamy of non-motile cells
91.Solution: (b) When prothallus of a fern give rise to sporophyte directly from somatic cell without forming gametes it is Apogamy.
Such type of sporophyte is haploid in nature. Development of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis and without forming spores, is Apospory.
92.Solution: (b) In Gymnosperms like Cycas/Pinus, endosperms of female gametophyte is haploid and formed before fertilizaiton. In angiosperms endosperm is triploid and develops after fertilization.
93.Solution: (a) Presence of two types of spores microspores and megaspores (Heterospory) is the evolutionary characteristic in the life
cycle of Selaginella.
94.Solution: (d) Archegonia of a particular species recognises antherozoids (sperms) of the same species through release of chemical.
In Pteris, archegonia produces malic acid which attracts sperms of Pteris only for fertilization.
95.Solution: (b) Pinus and in all other Gymnosperms endosperm produced before fertilization and is haplolid. Megaspore and pollen grain
are initial structures of female gametophyte and male gametophyte respectively hence, they are haploid.
96.Solution: (a) Capsule of the Funaria differentiated into: (1) Operculum – upper part -lid
(2) Theca –Middle – fertile part (3) Apophysis – lower – photosynthetic
97Solution: (a) Peristomes are teeth present in the capsule of moss. These are in two rows and helps in the dispersal of the spores due to
hygroscopic nature.
98.Solution: (b) In Funaria, the spore germinates to form a green multicellular structure called as protonema which later on develops into
gametophyte. Presence of protonema is characteristic feature of moss.
99.Solution: (a) In both the members of green algae, Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas, gametes are fused to form zygote which develops
into a thick walled resting zygospore. Zoospore is asexual spore while Oospore is sexual spore.
100.(b) Bryophytes and Pteridophytes require water for fertilization and have motile male gametes
101.(c) Number of chromosome in root cells of wheat plant is 2n = 42
n = 42/2
= 21
102.(c) (i) and (iii) are correct, but (ii) is incorrect
103.(d) Peat is mainly an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter and Sphagnum accumulations can store water since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water and living matter (like meat eggs) for long distance transport inside their cells hence, it is responsible for peat formation.
104.(a) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the same plant
105.(b) Syngamy is the complete and permanent fusion of male and female gametes to form the zygote. When fertilization occurs outside the body of the organism, this type of gametic fusion is called external fertilization or external syngamy. In majority of algae, external fertilization occurs.
106.(c) Alzheimers
107.(a) In bryophytes, the dominant phase of life cycle is gametophytic plant body. In contrast, vascular plants have sporophytic plant body in most of their life cycle and reduced, smaller gametophyte which have smaller sex organs.
108. (d) A and D
109.(b) Lichens were first discovered by Tulsane.
110.(b) Sporocarp is the reproductive structure of some aquatic ferns and sori. Sporocarp is a reproductive arrangement of certain aquatic ferns like Marsilea. Sporocarps are functionally and developmentally altered leaf which stands numerous sori. Each sorus involves sporangia of two types -mega sporangia creating simple large female megaspore and microsporangia making several small male microspores.
111.(d) An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores.
112. (c) Gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is mostly parasitic
113.(d) In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds; such plants are called homosporous. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution.
114.(a) Diversification in plant life appeared due to long periods of evolutionary changes. Initially plants were thalloid. There were no differentiation among root, stem and leaves. Vascular tissues were absent.
115.(d) In gymnosperm except Order Gnetales (Gnetum) xylem consist of xylem parenchyma and tracheids with bordered pits but lacks vessels. So, Gnetales are the most advanced among gymnosperms. They lack archegonia in female gametophyte thus showing similarity with angiosperm and act as connecting link between the two
116.(b) Evolutionary important character of Selaginella is heterosporous nature. Selaginella produces two types of spores microspores and megaspores. Heterospory in the life cycle of Selaginella leads to the formation of seed habit
117.(c) Gymnosperms
118.(b) The protein performed a vital role in our body and known as ?body builders?. They are the most abundant and most varied of the macromolecules of the cell, which constitute about 50% of their dry weight. Spirulina (a blue green alga) is a rich source of protein, many vitamines especially B-complex and minerals. It has a promising supplementary value to the common Indian cereals such as rice, wheat and ragi. Hence, doctors are advised the patients to take Spirulina in their diet for recovery.
119.(c) zygote
120. (a)Colonial alga are algae in which cells resembling free swimming unicells form groups. They may be large and elaborately interconnected as in Volvox or smaller and relatively simple as in Synura.
Examples of colonial green alga are Volvox, Synura and Scenedesmus.
121. (c)A zygotic meiosis is a meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyogamy, which is the fusion of two cell nuclei. This way, the organism ends its diploid phase and produces several haploid cells. These cells divide mitotically to form either larger, multicellular individuals, or more haploid cells.
Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 325 species all unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as “snow algae.
122. (b)Ectocarpus undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction. It has a Haplodiplontic life cycle. The fucus has a diplontic life cycle.
123. (d)Monoicous plants are those species that bear both sperm and eggs on the same gametophyte. Dioicous plants are those that have gametophytes that produce only sperm or eggs but never both.
Pinus is a plant bearing both male and female cones in the same plant. Thus it is monoecious.
124 (a)Polysiphonia is a red algae, polysiphonous and usually well branched, with some plants reaching a length of about 30 cm.
Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae, where asexual spores and gametes are non-motile or non-flagellated.
125 (c)megaspore is retained for some times in female gametophyte in Pteridophyte,, however the permanent retention is required for seed formation in Gymnosperms.
126 (b)Because it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.
Mycorrhizal fungi allow plants to draw more nutrients and water from the soil. They also increase plant tolerance to different environmental stresses. Moreover, these fungi play a major role in soil aggregation process and stimulate microbial activity.
127 (d)Floridean starch has structure similar to Amylopectin and glycogen
128(a)Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern.
Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 170.
129(2)A strobilus is a structure present on many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem. Strobili are often called cones, but some botanists restrict the use of the term cone to the woody seed strobili of conifers. Strobili are characterized by a central axis surrounded by spirally arranged or decussate structures that may be modified leaves or modified stems.
130 (d) Red algae
131 (d) Homosporous
