1. Formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis is
(a) Apospory
(b) Apogamy
(c) Parthenogenesis
(d) Amphimixis
2. Parthenogenesis is
(a) development of embryo without fertilization
(b) development of fruit without fertilization
(c) development of fruit without hormones
(d) development of embryo from egg without fertilization
3. Male gametophyte of angiosperms is shed as
(a) four celled pollen grain
(b) three celled pollen grain
(c) microspore mother cell
(d) anther
4. Total number of meiotic division required for forming 100 zygotes/100 grains of wheat is
(a) 100
(b) 75
(c) 125
(d) 50
5. Double fertilization and triple fusion were discovered by
(a) Hofmeister
(b) Nawaschin and Guignard
(c) Leeuwenhoek
(d) Strasburger
6. Development of an organism from female gamete/egg without involving fertilization is
(a) Adventitiveembryony
(b) Polyembryony
(c) Parthenocarpy
(d) Parthenogenesis
7. Nucellar embryo is
(a) Amphimictichaploid
(b) Amphimictic diploid
(c) Apomictic haploid
(d) Apomictic diploid
8. Generative cell was destroyed by laser but a normal pollen tube was still formed because
(a) vegetative cell is not damaged
(b) contents of killed generative cell stimulate pollen growth
(c) laser beam stimulates growth of pollen tube
(d) the region of emergence of pollen tube is not harmed
9. Which is correct?
(a) Gametes are invariably haploid
(b) Spores are invariably haploid
(c) Gametes are generally haploid
(d) Both spores and gametes are invariably haploid
10. A diploid female plant and a tetraploid male plant are crossed. The ploidy of endosperm shall be
(a) tetraploid
(b) triploid
(c) diploid
(d) pentaploid
11. Which ones produces androgenic haploids in anther cultures?
(a) Anther wall
(b) Tapetal layer of anther wall
(c) Connective tissue
(d) Young pollen grains
12. Male gametophyte of angiosperms/monocots is
(a) Microsporangium
(b) Nucellus
(c) Microspore
(d) Stamen
13. Female gametophyte of angiosperms is represented by
(a) Ovule
(b) Megaspore mother cell
(c) Embryo sac
(d) Nucellus
14. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse due to
(a) base pairing of their DNA and RNA
(b) formation of hydrogen bonds
(c) mutual attraction
(d) attraction of their protoplasts
15. Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is
(a) Chalazogamy
(b) Mesogamy
(c) Porogamy
(d) Pseudogamy
16. Cellular totipotency was demonstrated by
(a) Theodore Schwann
(b) A.V. Leeuwenhoek
(c) F.C. Steward
(d) Robert Hooke
17. Pollination occurs in
(a) Bryophytes and angiosperms
(b) Pteridophytes and angiosperms
(c) Angiosperms and gymnosperms
(d) Angiosperms and fungi
18. Embryo sac occurs in
(a) Embryo
(b) Axis part of embryo
(c) Ovule
(d) Endosperm
19. Which of the following pair has haploid structures?
(a) Nucellus and antipodal cells
(b) Antipodal cells and egg cell
(c) Antipodal cells and megaspore mother cell
(d) Nucellus and primary endosperm nucleus
20. Point out the odd one?
(a) Nucellus
(b) Embryo sac
(c) Micropyle
(d) Pollen grain
21. Syngamy means
(a) fusion of gametes
(b) fusion of cytoplasms
(c) fusion of two similar spores
(d) fusion of two dissimilar spores
22. Double fertilization is fusion of
(a) two eggs
(b) two eggs and polar nuclei with pollen nuclei
(c) one male gamete with egg and other with synergid
(d) one male gamete with egg and other with secondary nucleus
23. Meiosis is best observed in dividing
(a) cells of apical meristem
(b) cells of lateral meristem
(c) microspores and anther wall
(d) microsporocytes
24. A population of genetically identical individuals, obtained from asexual reproduction is
(a) Callus
(b) Clone
(c) Deme
(d) Aggregate
25. Which of the following plant cells will show totipotency?
(a) Sieve tubes
(b) Xylem vessels
(c) Meristem
(d) Cork cells
26. Study of formation, growth and development of new individual from an egg is
(a) Apomixis
(b) Embryology
(c) Embryogeny
(d) Cytology
27. Ovule is straight with funiculus, embryo sac, chalaza and micropyle lying on one straight line. It is
(a) Orthotropous
(b) Anatropous
(c) Campylotropous
(d) Amphitropous
28. Double fertilization is characteristic of
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Bryophytes
29. Number of meiotic divisions required to produce 200/400 seeds of Pea would be
(a) 200/400
(b) 400/800
(c) 300/600
(d) 250/500
30. Haploid plant cultures are got from
(a) leaves
(b) root tip
(c) pollen grain
(d) buds
31. Chief pollinators of agricultural crops are
(a) butterflies
(b) bees
(c) moths
(d) beetles
32. Transfer of pollen to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is
(a) Autogamy
(b) Allogamy
(c) Xenogamy
(d) Geitonogamy
33. Fertilization involving carrying of male gametes by pollen tube is
(a) Porogamy
(b) Siphonogamy
(c) Chalazogamy
(d) Syngonogamy
34. One of the most resistant biological material is
(a) lignin
(b) hemicellulose
(c) lignocellulose
(d) sporopollenin
35. In an angiosperm, how many microspore mother cells are required to produce 100 pollen grains
(a) 25
(b) 50
(c) 75
(d) 100 36 The polyembryony commonly occurs in
36. The endosperm of gymnosperm is
(a) triploid
(b) haploid
(c) diploid
(d) polyploid
37. Reproducing new plants by cells instead of seeds is known as
(a) mutation
(b) tissue culture
(c) antibiotics
(d) biofertilizer
38. How many pollen grains will be formed after meiotic division in ten microspore mother cells?
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 40
(d) 80
39. In angiosperms, triple fusion is required for the formation of
(a) embryo
(b) endosperm
(c) seed coat
(d) fruit wall
40. If an angiospermic male plant is diploid and female plant tetraploid, the ploidy level of endosperm will be
(a) haploid
(b) triploid
(c) tetraploid
(d) pentaploid
41. The endosperm of gymnosperm is
(a) triploid
(b) haploid
(c) diploid
(d) polyploid
42. Flowers showing ornithophily show few characteristic like
(a) blue flower with nectaries at base of corolla
(b) red sweet scented flower with nectaries
(c) bright red flower in to thick inflorescence
(d) white flowers with fragrance
43. Double fertilisation leading to initiation of endosperm in Angiosperms require
(a) fusion of one polar nucleus and the second male gamete only
(b) fusion of two polar nuclei and the second male gamete
(c) fusion of four or more polar nuclei and the second male gamete only
(d) all the above kinds of fusion in different angiosperms
44. Eight nucleate embryo sacs are
(a) always tetrasporic
(b) always monosporic
(c) always bisporic
(d) sometime monosporic , sometimes bisporic and sometimes tetrasporic
45. Anemophily type of pollination is found in
(a) Salvia
(b) Bottle brush
(c) Vallisneria
(d) Coconut
46. Adventive polyembryony in citrus is due to
(a) nucellus
(b) integuments
(c) zygotic embryo
(d) fertilised egg
47. In angiosperms pollen tubes liberate their male gametes into the
(a) central cell
(b) antipodal cell
(c) egg cell
(d) synergids
48. What is the direction of micropyle in anatropous ovule?
(a) upward
(b) downward
(c) right
(d) left
49. Which type of association is found in between entomophilous flower and pollinating agent
(a) mutualism
(b) commensalism
(c) cooperation
(d) co-evolution
50. In angiosperms all the four microspores of tetrad are covered by a layer which is formed by
(a) pectocellulose
(b) callose
(c) cellulose
(d) sporopollenin
51. In a flowering plant, archesporium gives rise to
(a) only tapetum and sporogenous cells
(b) only the wall of the sporangium
(c) both wall and the sporogenous cells
(d) wall and the tapetum
52. An ovule which becomes curved so that the nucellus and embryo sac lie at right angles to the funicle is
(a) Hemitropous
(b) Campylotropous
(c) Anatropous
(d) Orthotropous
53. Megasporangium is equivalent to:
(a) Fruit
(b) Nucellus
(c) Ovule
(d) Embryo sac
54. Seed coat is not thin, membranous in:
(a) Coconut
(b) Groundnut
(c) Gram
(d) Maize
55. Advantage of cleistogamy is:
(a) More vigorous offspring
(b) No dependence of pollinators
(c) Vivipary
(d) Higher genetic variability
56. Product of sexual reproduction generally generates:
(a) Prologneddormancy
(b) New genetic combination leading to variation
(c) Large biomass
(d) Longer viability of seeds
57. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid
(b) Endothecium produces the microspores
(c) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen
(d) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine
58. The viability of seeds is tested by
(a) Safranine
(b) 2, 6 dichlorophenol indophenols
(c) 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
(d) DMSO
59. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and stigma of flowers of different plants
(b) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous
(c) Xenogamy occurs only by wind pollination
(d) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all
60. Megaspores are produced from the megaspore mother cells after
(a) Meiotic division
(b) Mitotic division
(c) Formation of a thick wall
(d) Differentiation
61. Animal vectors are required for pollination in
(a) Maize
(b) Vallisneria
(c) Mulberry
(d) Cucumber
62. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures but not strong acids
(b) Sporopollenin can be degraded by enzymes
(c) Sporopollenin is made up of inorganic materials
(d) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures as well as strong acids and alkalis
63. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in
(a) Perisperm
(b) Endosperm
(c) Cotyledons
(d) Hypocotyl
64. Which of the following statements is not true about somatic embryogenesis?
(a) A somatic embryo develops from a somatic cell
(b) The pattern of development of a somatic embryo is comparable to that of a zygotic embryo
(c) Somatic embryos can develop from microspores
(d) Somatic embryo is induced usually by an auxin such as 2, 4-D
65. Pollination occurs in
(a) Bryophytes and angiosperms
(b) Pteridophytes and angiosperms
(c) Angiosperms and gymnosperms
(d) Angiosperms and fungi
66. Embryo sac occurs in
(a) Embryo
(b) Axis part of embryo
(c) Ovule
(d) Endosperm
67. Which of the following pair has haploid structures?
(a) Nucellus and antipodal cells
(b) Antipodal cells and egg cell
(c) Antipodal cells and megaspore mother cell
(d) Nucellus and primary endosperm nucleus
68. Point out the odd one?
(a) Nucellus
(b) Embryo sac
(c) Micropyle
(d) Pollen grain
69. Syngamy means
(a) fusion of gametes
(b) fusion of cytoplasms
(c) fusion of two similar spores
(d) fusion of two dissimilar spores
70. A fruit developed from
(a) Sorosis
(b) Syconus
(c) Caryopsis
(d) Hasperidium
71. Cotyledons and testa respectively are edible parts in
(a) walnut and tamarind
(b) french bean and coconut
(c) cashew nut and litchi
(d) groundnut and pomegranate
72. An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm, and caruncle is
(a) coffee
(b) lily
(c) castor
(d) cotton
73. Apomictic embryos in citrus arise from
(a) Synergids
(b) Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule
(c) Antipodal cells
(d) Diploid egg
74. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called
(a) Xenogamy
(b) Geitonogamy
(c) Karyogamy
(d) Autogamy
75. The scutellum observed in a grain of wheat or maize is comparable to which part of the seed in other monocotyledons?
(a) Cotyledon
(b) Endosperm
(c) Aleurone layer
(d) Plumule
76. Wind pollinated flowers are
(a) small, brightly coloured, producing large number of pollen grains
(b) small, producing large number of dry pollen grains
(c) large producing abundant nectar and pollen
(d) small, producing nectar and dry pollen
77. Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of
(a) suspensor
(b) egg
(c) synergid
(d) zygote
78. Nucellarpolyembryony is reported in species of
(a) Citrus
(b) Gossypium
(c) Triticum
(d) Brassica
79. In which one of the following pollination is autogamous?
(a) Geitonogamy
(b) Xenogamy
(c) Chasmogamy
(d) Cleistogamy
80. Wind pollination is common in
(a) legumes
(b) lilies
(c) grasses
(d) orchids
81. A drupe develops in
(a) mango
(b) wheat
(c) pea
(d) tomato
82. Both, autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented in –
(a) Papaya
(b) Cucumber
(c) Castor
(d) Maize
83. An organic substance that can withstand environmental extremes and cannot be degraded by any enzyme is:
(a) Cuticle
(b) Sporopollenin
(c) Lignin
(d) Cellulose
84. Even in absence of pollinating agents seed setting is assured in
(a) Commellina
(b) Zostera
(c) Salvia
(d) Fig
85. What is the function of germ pore?
(a) Emergence of radicle
(b) Absorption of water for seed germination
(c) Initiation of pollen tube
(d) Release of male gametes
86. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage, double fertilization does not take place.
(b) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell.
(c) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for months.
(d) Intine is made up of cellulose and pectin.
87. Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules, are generally pollinated by
(a) bees
(b) butterflies
(c) birds
(d) wind
88. Perisperm differs from endosperm in;
(a) having no reserve food
(b) being a diploid tissue
(c) its formatting by fusion of secondary
nucleus with several sperms
(d) being a haploid tissue
89. Megasporangium is equivalent to:
(a) Fruit
(b) Nucellus
(c) Ovule
(d) Embryo sac
90. Seed coat is not thin, membranous in:
(a) Coconut
(b) Groundnut
(c) Gram
(d) Maize
91. Advantage of cleistogamy is:
(a) More vigorous offspring
(b) No dependence of pollinators
(c) Vivipary
(d) Higher genetic variability
92. Product of sexual reproduction generally generates:
(a) Prologneddormancy
(b) New genetic combination leading to variation
(c) Large biomass
(d) Longer viability of seeds
93. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid
(b) Endothecium produces the microspores
(c) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen
(d) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine
94. The viability of seeds is tested by
(a) Safranine
(b) 2, 6 dichlorophenol indophenols
(c) 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
(d) DMSO
95. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and stigma of flowers of different plants
(b) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous
(c) Xenogamy occurs only by wind pollination
(d) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all
96. Megaspores are produced from the megaspore mother cells after
(a) Meiotic division
(b) Mitotic division
(c) Formation of a thick wall
(d) Differentiation
97. Animal vectors are required for pollination in
(a) Maize
(b) Vallisneria
(c) Mulberry
(d) Cucumber
98. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures but not strong acids
(b) Sporopollenin can be degraded by enzymes
(c) Sporopollenin is made up of inorganic materials
(d) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures as well as strong acids and alkalis
99. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in
(a) Perisperm
(b) Endosperm
(c) Cotyledons
(d) Hypocotyl
100. Which of the following statements is not true about somatic embryogenesis?
(a) A somatic embryo develops from a somatic cell
(b) The pattern of development of a somatic embryo is comparable to that of a zygotic embryo
(c) Somatic embryos can develop from microspores
(d) Somatic embryo is induced usually by an auxin such as 2, 4-D
101.An important criterion for modern day classification is
(a) breeding habits
(b) presence or absence of notochord
(c) resemblances in morphology
(d) anatomical and physiological traits
102.Attractants and rewards are required for
(a) hydrophily
(b) entomophily
(c) cleistogamy
(d) anemophily
103. Which of the following are found in extreme saline conditions?
(a) Archaebacteria
(b) Cyanobacteria
(c) Eubacieria
(d) Mycobacteria
104.Pollination by snail and slug is called as
(a) entomophilous
(b) malacophilous
(c) ornithophilous
(d) chiropterophilous
105. A dioecious flowering plant prevents both
(a) cleistogamy and xenogamy
(b) autogamy and geitonogamy
(c) geitonogamy and xenogamy
(d) autogamy and xenogamy
106.DNA replication in bacteria occurs:
(a) Within nucleolus
(b) Prior to fission
(c) Just before transcription
(d) During S phase
107.Double fertilization involves
(a) fertilization of egg by two male gametes
(b) fertilization of the egg and the central cell
(c) fertilization of two eggs in the same embryo sac by two sperms brought by one pollen tube
(d) fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by different pollen tubes
108.In majority of angiosperms
(a) reduction division occurs in the megaspore mother cells
(b) egg has a filiform apparatus
(c) there are numerous antipodal cells
(d) a small central cell is present in that embryo sac
109. Coconut water from a tender coconut is
(a) immature embryo
(b) free nuclear endosperm
(c) innermost layers of the seed coat
(d) degenerated nucellus
110.The ovule of an angiosperm is technically equivalent to
(a) megasporophyll
(b) megaspore mother cell
(c) megasporangium
(d) megaspore
111. Which of the following are likely to be present in deep sea water?
(a) Archaebacteria
(b) Eubacteria
(c) Blue-green algae
(d) Saprophytic fungi
112.Which one of the following statements is not true?
(a) Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies.
(b) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther.
(c) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the crop breeding programmes.
(d) Exine of pollen grains is made up of Sporopollenin
113.What is common between vegetative reproduction and apomixis?
(a) Both occur round the year
(b) Both are applicable to only dicot plants
(c) Both bypass the flowering phase
(d) Both produces progeny identical to the Parent
114.Which among the following are the smallest living cells, known without a definite cell wall, pathogenic to plants as well as animals and can survive without oxygen?
(a) Bacillus
(b) Pseudomonas
(c) Mycoplasma
(d) Nostoc
115.Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Some reptiles have also been reported as pollinators in some plant species.
(b) Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the stigma of a flower, but only one pollen tube of the same species grows into the style.
(c) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are regulated by chemical components of pollen interacting with those of the pistil.
(d) Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination are called pollen/ nectar robbers
116. What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule?
(a) It brings about opening of the pollen tube.
(b) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to egg.
(c) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid.
(d) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into the embryo sac
117. Filiform apparatus is characteristic feature of
(a) synergids
(b) generative cell
(c) aleurone cell
(d) nucellar embryo
118.Which of the following are the important floral rewards to the animal pollinators ?
(a) Nectar and pollen grains
(b) Floral fragrance and calcium crystals
(c) Protein pellicle and stigmatic exudates
(d) Colour and large size of flower
119.The hilum is a scar on the
(a) seed, where funicle was attached
(b) fruit, where it was attached to pedicel.
(c) fruit, where style was present
(d) seed, where micropyle was present
120.Geitonogamy involves
(a) fertilization of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant in the same population
(b) fertilization of a flower by the pollen from another flower of the same plant
(c) fertilization of a flower by the pollen from the same flower
(d) fertilization of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant belonging to a distant population
121. Attractants and rewards are required for :
(a) Entomophily
(b) Hydrophily
(c) Cleistogamy
(d) Anemophily
122.Functional megaspore in an angiosperm develops into ?
(a) Endosperm
(b) Embryo sac
(c) Embryo
(d) Ovule
123. Flowers which have single ovule in the ovary and are packed into inflorescence are usually pollinated by:
(a) Bee
(b) Wind
(c) Bat
(d) Water
124. A dioecious flowering plant prevents both :
(a) Autogamy and geitonogamy
(b) Geitonogamy and xenogamy
(c) Cleistogamy and xenogamy
(d) Autogamy and xenogamy
125. The morphological nature of the edible part of coconut is:
(a) Cotyledon
(b) Endosperm
(c) Pericarp
(d) Perisperm
126. Double fertilization is exhibited by :
(1) Algae
(2) Fungi
(3) Angiosperms
(4) Gymnosperms
127. Double fertilization is
(1) Fusion of two male gametes of a pollen tube with two different eggs
(2) Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei
(3) Syngamy and triple fusion
(4) Fusion of two male gametes with one egg
128. Which of the following has proved helpful in preserving pollen as fossils?
(1) Pollenkitt
(2) Cellulosic intine
(3) Sporopollenin
(4) Oil content
129. Winged pollen grains are present in
(a) Mustard
(b) Cycas
(c) Pinus
(d) Mango
130. Which one of the following statements regarding post-fertilization development in flowering plants is incorrect?
(a) Ovary develops into fruit
(b) Zygote develops into embryo
(c) Central cell develops into endosperm
(d) Ovules develop into embryo sac
131. Persistent nucellus in the seed is known as
(a) Chalaza
(b) Perisperm
(c) Hilum
(d) Tegmen
132. What is the fate of the male gametes discharged in the synergid?
(a) One fuses with egg other(s) degenerate(s) in the synergid.
(b) All fuse with the egg.
(c) One fuses with the egg, other(s) fuse(s) with synergid nucleus.
(d) One fuses with the egg and other fuses with central cell nuclei
133. The body of the ovule is fused within the funicle at
(a) Nucellus
(b) Chalaza
(c) Hilum
(d) Micropyle
134. In water hyacinth and water lily, pollination takes place by :
(a) Wind and water
(b) Insects and water
(c) Insects or wind
(d) Water currents only
135. The plant parts which consist of two generations – one within the other
(a) Pollen grains inside the anther
(b) Germinated pollen grain with two male gametes
(c) Seed inside the fruit
(d) Embryo sac inside the ovule
(1) (c) and (d)
(2) (a) and (d)
(3) (a) only
(4) (a), (b) and (c)
136. The production of gametes by the parents, formation of zygotes, the F1 and F2 plants, can be understood from a diagram called :
(a) Net square
(b) Bullet square
(c) Punch square
(d) Punnett square
137. Gemmae are present in
(1) Some Liverworts
(2) Mosses
(3) Pteridophytes
(4) Some Gymnosperms
138. The term used for transfer of pollen grains from anthers of one plant to stigma of a different plant which, during pollination, brings genetically different types of pollen grains to stigma, is :
(a) Cleistogamy
(b) Xenogamy
(c) Geitonogamy
(d) Chasmogamy
139 A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is:
(a) 8-nucleate and 8-celled
(b) 8-nucleate and 7-celled
(c) 7-nucleate and 8-celled
(d) 7-nucleate and 7-celled
Solutions :
1.Solution: (a)A somatic cell in the nucellus directly forms an unreduced embryo sac and the diploid egg parthenogenetically develops into embryo i.e. formation of gametophyte
from sporophyte without meiosis. It is known as Apospory and it is a type of Apomixis.
2.Solution: (d)It is involved in apomixis (asexual reproduction).
3.Solution: (b) In majority of angiosperms the pollen grains are shed from the anther at bi-celled stage (one generative cell and one vegetative cell) but in some angiosperms the generative cell divides forming 2 sperms prior to the dehiscence of anther & pollen grains are shed at 3 celled stage.
4. Solution: (c) 100 zygotes requires 100 pollen grains and 100 embryo sacs. 100 pollen grains are formed from 25 microspore mother cells while 100 embryo sacs are formed from 100 functional megaspores which in turn are produced by 100 megaspore mother cells since three out of four megaspores degenerate in each case.
5. Solution: (b) In angiosperms one male gamete fuses with the egg to form diploid zygote. The process is called syngamy. The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus. The process is called triple fusion. These two acts together known as double fertilization. The process was Ist demonstrated by Nawaschin&Guignard in Fritillaria&Lilium.
6. Solution: (d) Development of an organism from unfertilized egg is known as parthenogenesis and when a fruit is
developed by this technique it is called parthenocarpy.
7. Solution: (d) Substitution of usual sexual reproduction by a form of reproduction which does not include meiosis and syngamy is called apomixis. In this phenomenon embryo is developed by some other tissue without fertilization eg. nucellus or integuments or unfertilized egg. Nucellus is a diploid tissue so nucellar embryo is apomictic diploid.
8.Solution: (a) Each microspore divide by mitotic division making a smaller generative cell and a larger vegetative cell or tube cell. If generative cell is damaged then the normal pollen tube will be formed because pollen tube is formed by vegetative cell, not by
generative cell of microspore.
9.Solution: (a) Spores are formed in lower plants by mitotic division and they may be diploid but gametes are always be made by meiosis & they are always haploid.
10. Solution: (a) Diploid female plant will have 2 polar nuclei (each haploid) with which one male gamete form tetraploid male plant (male gamete of tetraploid plant will be diploid) fuses, making endosperm. So endosperm will be tetraploid.
11. Solution: (d) Androgenic haploids are produced by young pollen grains because rest all are the diploid tissue.
12. Solution: (c) Microspore is haploid, uninucleate, minute spore produced in large number as a result of meiosis in microspore mother cell inside
the microsporangia. These are the first cell of gametophytic generation in angiosperms.
13. Solution: (c) Embryo sac is 7-celled structure. There is a large central cell with two polar nuclei, egg apparatus with egg cell and 2 synergids present at micropylar end and its chalazal end, 3 antipodal cells are present.
14.Solution: (d) Sperm or male gamete fuses with egg or female gamete because of the attraction of their protoplast. Some chemicals are secreted by ovule or egg wall to attract the male gamete or sperm.
15. Solution: (c) In porogamy the tip of pollen tube enters the micropyle, pushes through the nucellar tissue & finally pierces the egg-apparatus end of the embryo sac. If pollen tube enters through chalazal side it is called chalazogamy & if it enters laterally it is called mesogamy.
16. Solution: (c) F.C. Steward & co-workers in 1964 raised the entire carrot plant from carrot-root culture. They established the cellular totipotency i.e. capacity of a cell to develop a new plant. However the idea of totipotency was given earlier by German botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt. He tried to grow isolated leaf cell but could not succeed.
17. Solution: (c) Pollen grains are found only in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
18.Solution: (c) Embryo sac is a female gametophyte which contains the egg apparatus.
19. Solution: (b) (a) Nucellus – 2n, antipodal cells – n (b) Antipodal cells – n, egg cell – n (c) Antipodal cells – n, megaspore mother cell – 2n (d) Nucellus – 2n primary endosperm nucleus – 3n Antipodal and egg cell are the product of meiotic division and rest are not.
20. Solution: (d) They are all found in ovule (Nucellus, Embryo sac &Micropyle) while pollen grain is male gametophyte.
21.Solution: (a) Fusion of male gamete with the egg is called syngamy.
22.Solution: (d) Refer ans. 5
23.Solution: (d) Microsporocytes or microspore mother cell after meiosis give rise to microspore. No any other cell (in given options) divide by meiosis.
24.Solution: (b) Cloning is a technique by which genetically same individuals can be produced without including any sexual reproduction eg. Dolly sheep. The term clone is derived from źėłķ, the Greek word for ―twig‖, refering to the process, whereby a new plant can be created from a twig.
25. Solution: (c) Xylem vessels and cork cells are dead while sieve tube cells do not possess nuclei.
26.Solution: (b) Embryology is the study of an individual’s life cycle after the fertilization takes place and till it develops into a new organism.
27.Solution: (a) It is a Polygonum type ovule in which the body of ovule is straight i.e. funiculus, chalaza, embryo sac µpyle lie in them, same vertical axis.
28.Solution: (a) Double fertilization in a characteristic feature of angiosperms in which one male gamete fuses with egg (called syngamy) and other male gamete fuses with 2 polar nuclei (called triple fusion) to form endosperm.
29.Solution: (d) 200 seeds of pea would be produced from 200 pollen grains and 200 embryo sac. 200 pollen grains will be formed by 50 microspore mother cell while 200 embryo sac will be formed by 200 megaspore mother cell (because 3 will degenerate) so 250/500.
30.Solution: (c)All other are diploid. Best method of haploid plant culture is pollen culture.
31.Solution: (b) Pollination by insect is known as Entomophily. Among insects bees are the most common pollinators which pollinate about 80% of the total insect pollinated flowers.
32.Solution: (d) Autogamy = Self Pollination Geitanogamy – (geiton = neighbour, gamos = marriage.) i.e. when pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of other flower of the same plant (i.e. neighboring flower). Allogamy = Xenogamy – Cross pollination.
33.Solution: (b) In angiosperms the male gametes are carried by the pollen tube was discovered by Strasburger in 1884. The process is called Siphonogamy.
34.Solution: (d) Each pollen has two layered wall. The outer layer is thick, tough, cuticularised called exine which is composed of a material called “sporopollenin”. It is highly resistant to biological and physical decomposition, due to which pollens are preserved for a long time in fossils.
35.Solution: (a) Each microspore mother cells undergoes meiosis to produce four pollen grains. Thus, 25 microspore mother cells are required to produce 100 pollen grains
36.Solution: (b) In gymnosperms the female gametophyte forming archegonia provides nourishment to the developing embryo. It later gets transformed into food-laden endosperm inside the seed. Endosperm provides nourishment for growth of seed at the time of seed germination. Triploid endosperm occurs in angiosperms.
37.Solution: (b) Culture is the term generally used for artificial growth. The plant tissue culture actually refers to the growth of plant cells, tissues and organs on artificial nutrient media.
38.Solution: (c) Each microspore mother cell gives rise to 4 microspores which develop into pollen grains.
39.Solution: (b) In angiosperms, one male gamete fuses with the egg resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote. The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei forming the primary endosperm nucleus. Thus type of fertilization is called double fertilization.
40.Solution: (d) The male gamete will be haploid (n). 2 polar nuclei will be diploid (2n). Endosperm formed by fusion of male gamete with two
polar nuclei will be pentaploid.
41.Solution: (b) In gymnosperms the female gametophyte forming archegonia provides nourishment to the developing embryo. It later gets transformed into food-laden endosperm inside the seed. Endosperm provides nourishment for growth of seed at the time of seed germination. Triploid endosperm occurs in angiosperms.
42.Solution: (a) Transfer of pollen grains by birds is known as ornithophily. They usually have bright coloured flowers, tubular or cup shaped and having a large quantity of nectar.
43.Solution: (b) The second male gamete entering the ovary fuses with two haploid polar nuclei to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus which develops into endosperm. This fusion of two male gametes with two different structures (egg and secondary nucleus) in the same female gametophyte is called double
fertilization.
44. Solution : (b) Monosportitype – eight nucleated Polygonum type. In this types only one megapore situated at chalazal end takes part in the development of embryosac. Bisporic type – eight nucleated Allium type. Tetrasporic type – eight nucleated Adoxa type.
45.Solution: (d) Vallisneria exhibits hydrophily and Salvia is pollinated by honey bee. In bottle brush pollination is carried out by birds.
46.Solution: (a) The embryos arising from the maternal sporophyte tissues are called adventive embryos. In polyembryonate species the adventive embryo arises by the proliferation of the nucellus cells.
47. Solution: (d) Antipodal cells occur at the chalazal end of the ovule. Synergids are the helping cells.
48.Solution: (b) In orthotropous ovule micropyle is upward. This is the presentive type of ovule.
49.Solution: (a) Commensalism is interaction between two individuals in which one is benefitted while the other is unaffected. In mutualism both individuals are beneficial for each other. The pollinating insect gets nectar from flower and in turn helps in pollination of flowers.
50.Solution: (d) The outermost covering of the pollen grain is made of sporopollenin.
51.Solution: (c) In flowering plants, archesporium cells undergo periclinal (transverse) division to form outer primary parietal layer and inner sporogenous cells. Primary parietal wall after few more periclinal divisions form anther wall and sporogenous cells give rise to sporogenous tissue.
52.Solution: (a) In campylotropous ovule, the body is curved but the embryosac is straight eg. Capsella. In Anatropous, the body of ovule is inverted and gets fused with funiculus along its whole length on one side (most of the angiosperms). In orthotropous condition the body of ovule lies straight and upright over the funicle. e.g. Piperaceae, Polygonaceae.
53.Solution: (c) Ovule is also called integumented megasporangium. It develops into seed after fertilisation in spermatophytes. It occurs singly or in a cluster inside ovary with parenchymatous cushions called placenta.
54.Solution: (a) The seed coat develops from integuments originally surrounding the ovule. It is thick and hard in coconut which protect the embryo from mechanical injury and from drying out.
55. Solution: (b) Cleistogamy favours no dependence on pollinator because flowers never open. In such flowers, the anthers and stigma lie close to each other. When anthers dehisce in flower buds pollen grains come in contact with the stigma to effect pollination.
56. Solution: (b) Sexual reproduction leads to formation of new combination and appearance of variations. Genetic recombination, interaction etc. during sexual reproduction provides vigour and vitality to the offsprings. They better adapt themselves to changing environmental conditions and also plays an important role in evolution.
57. Solution: (c) Sporogenous tissue is always diploid, endothecium is second layer of anther wall and perform the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. Hard outer layer of pollen is called exine but tapetum always nourishes the developing pollen. Cells of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus (polypoid).
58. Solution: (c) Dehydrogenase enzymes present in living tissue reduce the tetrazolium chloride to formazan, a reddish, water insoluble compound. This reaction occurs in or near living cells which are releasing hydrogen in respiration processes. Viable tissues produce a normal red-colour, weak living tissue produce an abnormal colour. Dead tissues do not stain, remaining usually white.
59.Solution: (b) Cleistogamous flowers do not expose their reproductive parts. Anthers and stigma lie close to each other. Pure autogamy occurs since there is no chance of crosspollination. Cleistogamy is the most efficient floral adaptation for promoting self-pollination. E.g., Viola mirabilis and Oxalis autosella.
60.Solution: (a) Single Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) with dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus gets differentiated from nucellus near the micropylar region. This Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) undergoes meiosis to form ‗4‘ haploid cells called megaspores and the process of formation is known as megasporogenesis.
61.Solution: (d) There are different types of vectors involved in pollination. For example, maize, mulberry → pollination by wind. Vallisneria → pollination through water (hydrophily). Cucumber → Bees are brought for the commercial plantings of cucumber.
62.Solution: (d) Pollen grains are generally spherical and a prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali.
63.Solution: (b)Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the embryo in seed plant. Albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower).
64.Solution: (c) Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e., ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. : 25
65.Solution: (c) Pollen grains are found only in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
66.Solution: (c) Embryo sac is a female gametophyte which contains the egg apparatus.
67.Solution: (b) (a) Nucellus – 2n, antipodal cells – n (b) Antipodal cells – n, egg cell – n (c) Antipodal cells – n, megaspore mother cell – 2n (d) Nucellus – 2n primary endosperm nucleus – 3n Antipodal and egg cell are the product of meiotic division and rest are not.
68.Solution: (d) They are all found in ovule (Nucellus, Embryo sac &Micropyle) while pollen grain is male gametophyte.
69.Solution: (a) Fusion of male gamete with the egg is called syngamy.
70.Solution: (b) The fig (Syconus) is an aggregate fruit, consisting of numerous seed-like pericarps inclosed within a hollow, fleshy receptacle where the flowers were attached. This fruit developed from hypanthodium inflorescence.
71.Solution: (d) Cotyledons and testa respectively are edible parts in groundnut and pomegranate. A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling. Testa is often thick or hard outer coat of a seed.
72.Solution: (c) An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm, and caruncle is castor. Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a
wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides.
73.Solution: (b) Apomixis is an asexual type of reproduction in which the plant embryos grow from egg cells without being fertilized by pollen-the male part of the plant. In citrus, apomictic embryos arise from maternal sporophytic tissue like nucellus and integuments in ovule. This type of embryony is called adventive embryony.
74.Solution: (b) Geitonogamy is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Example, maize.
75.Solution: (a) Scutellum is the modified cotyledon observed in a grain of wheat or maize. It lies between embryo and the endosperm.
76.Solution: (b) Pollination by wind is called anemophily. Wind pollinated flowers are small in size, producing large number of dry pollen grains. Pollens are small, dry and light in weight. Grasses are anemophilous plants.
77.Solution: (c) A synergid cell wall forms a highly thickened structure called the filiform apparatus at the micropylar end consisting of numerous finger like projections into synergid cytoplasm. These synergid cells are necessary for pollen tube guidance in ovule.
78. Solution: (a) Nucellarpolyembryony is reported in a Citrus species.
79.Solution: (d) Cleistogamy is autogamous pollination.. When pollination and fertilization occur in unopened flower bud, it is known as cleistogamy. It ensures self-pollination and prevents cross-pollination.
80.Solution: (c) Wind pollination is common in grasses. Grasses produce large amount of pollen which by the help of wind reach to opposite sex for reproduction.
81.Solution: (a) Some fleshy ruits such as mango, plum etc. usually have a single hard stone that encloses a seed, called drupe.
82. Solution: (a) Papaya is dioecious i.e. male and female flowers occurs in separate plants so that it prevents both autogamy &geitonogamy method of self pollination).
83.Solution: (b) Sporopollenin is fatty substance present in pollen wall and provides resistance against extremes conditions like high temperature, acid, bases.
84.Solution: (a)
85.Solution: (c) The germ pores are apertures in the exine layer of the pollen grain where the sporopollenin is absent. The germ pore helps in the formation of the germ tube or pollen tube and which makes its exit on germination.
86.Solution: (a) In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at cell 2-celled stage. In the remaining species the generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to the two male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3-celled stage.)
87.Solution: (d) Wind pollinated flowers have generally single ovule in each ovary.
88.Solution: (b) Perisperm is remnants of nucellus which is diploid (2n) but endosperm is triploid (3n). Perisperm occurs in the seeds of Black pepper, coffee, castor, cardamum, Nymphaea. Endosperm is the food laden tissue which is meant for nourishing the embryo in seed plants. In angiosperms the endosperm is formed as a result of vegetative fertilization, triple fusion or fusion of a male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus of the central cell.
89.Solution: (c) Ovule is also called integumented megasporangium. It develops into seed after fertilisation in spermatophytes. It occurs singly or in a cluster inside ovary with parenchymatous cushions called placenta.
90.Solution: (a) The seed coat develops from integuments originally surrounding the ovule. It is thick and hard in coconut which protect the embryo from mechanical injury and from drying out.
91.Solution: (b) Cleistogamy favours no dependence on pollinator because flowers never open. In such flowers, the anthers and stigma lie close to each other. When anthers dehisce in flower buds pollen grains come in contact with the stigma to effect pollination.
92.Solution: (b) Sexual reproduction leads to formation of new combination and appearance of variations. Genetic recombination, interaction etc. during sexual reproduction provides vigour and vitality to the offsprings. They better adapt themselves to changing environmental conditions and also plays an important role in evolution.
93.Solution: (c) Sporogenous tissue is always diploid, endothecium is second layer of anther wall and perform the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. Hard outer layer of pollen is called developing pollen. Cells of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally
have more than one nucleus (polypoid).
94. Solution: (c) Dehydrogenase enzymes present in living tissue reduce the tetrazolium chloride to formazan, a re dish, water insoluble compound. This reaction occurs in or near respiration processes. Viable tissues produce a normal red-colour, weak living tissue produce an abnormal colour. Dead tissues do not stain, remaining usually white.
95.Solution: (b) Cleistogamous flowers do not expose their reproductive parts. Anthers and stigma lie close to each other. Pure autogamy occurs since there is no chance of crosspollination. Cleistogamy is the most efficient floral adaptation for promoting self-pollination. E.g., Viola mirabilis and Oxalis autosella.
96.Solution: (a) Single Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) with dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus gets differentiated from nucellus near the micropylar region. This Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) undergoes meiosis to form ‗4‘ haploid cells called megaspores and the process of formation is known as megasporogenesis.
97.Solution: (d) There are different types of vectors involved in pollination. For example, maize, mulberry → pollination by wind. Vallisneria → pollination through water (hydrophily). Cucumber → Bees are brought for the commercial plantings of cucumber.
98.Solution: (d) Pollen grains are generally spherical and a prominent two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali.
99.Solution: (b) Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the embryo in seed plant. Albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower).
100.Solution: (c) Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells.
Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e., ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo.
101.(d) An important criterion for modern day classification is anatomical and physiological traits
102.(b) Insect pollinated plants provide rewards as edible pollen grain and nectar as usual rewards. In order to materialize and maximize pollination flowers have developed a set of attributes which areaimed at attracting the pollinators called attractant
103.(a) Archaebacteria are one of the oldest living organisms (to be known) on Earth. They are classified as bacteria because many of their features resemble the bacteria when observed under a microscope. They belong to the kingdom Archaea and hence are named Archaebacteria. The ability of archaebacteria to survive in such conditions is due to the presence of branched lipid chain in their membrane, which reduces the fluidity of their membrane
104.Pollination by snail and slug is called as malacophilous
105.(b) Dioecious plants prevent both autogamy and geitonogamy. Autogamy, or self-fertilization, refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one individual. Autogamy is predominantly observed in the form of self-pollination, a reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants Geitonogamy is a type of self-pollination. Geitonogamous pollination is sometimes distinguished from the fertilizations that can result from it, geitonogamy. If a plant is self-incompatible, geitonogamy can reduce seed production
106.(b) DNA replication in bacteria occurs prior to fission
107.(d) The double fertilisation involves the union of male gamete with egg cell at one place and union of one male gamete with the secondary nucleus at another place in all angiosperms. That is why it is called double fertilisation.
108.(a) reduction division occurs in the megaspore mother cells
109.(b) In coconut, the coconut water is the free-nuclear endosperm and the kernel surrounding it is the cellular endosperm. In the nuclear type of endosperm development, the primary endosperm nucleus divides by repeated mitotic free nuclear divisions without the formation of walls. It results in the formation of a large number of free nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac.
110.(c) megasporangium. Megasporangium or Ovule is the structure inside ovary where megaspore formation takes place.
111.(a) Archaebacteria are likely to be present in deep sea water
112.(b) The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.
113.(d) Both produces progeny identical to the Parent
114.(c) Mycoplasmas are smallest, wall-less prokaryotes, pleomorphic in nature. These are pathogenic on both plants and animals.
115.(b) Many pollen tubes of same species can also grow into the style.
116.(b) Within the embryo sac three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus. The egg apparatus, in turn, consists of two synergids and one egg cell. The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which plays an important role in guiding the pollen tubes into the synergid. Three cells are at the chalazal end and are called the antipodals. The large central cell, has two polar nuclei.
117.(a) The synergid cell wall forms a highly thickened structure called the filiform apparatus at the micropylar end, consisting of numerous finger-like projections into the synergid cytoplasm
118.(a) Nectar and pollen grains
119.(a) Ovule is an integumented megasporangium found in spermatophytes which develops into seed after fertilization. An angiospermic ovule is typically an ovoid and whitish structure. It occurs inside ovary where it is attached to a parenchymatous cushion called placenta either singly or in a cluster. The ovule is stalked. The stalk is called funiculus or funicle. The point of attachment of the body of the ovule with the funiculus is known as hilum. It is present as a scar on a mature seed.
120.(b) Geitonogamy is the transfer for pollen grains from anthers of one flower to another flower of either the same plant of one flower to another flower of either the same plant or genetically similar plant or between two clones.
121 (a)Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. In entomophily, that is, insect pollination, the insect is attracted by factors like colour of flower, odour etc. They are also rewarded with nectar and pollen grains. Insects play a crucial role in pollination.
122 (b)In angiosperms or flowering plants, the megasporocyte produces a megaspore that develops into an embryo sac through two distinct processes megasporogenesis (formation of the megaspore in the nucellus, or megasporangium), and megagametogenesis (development of the megaspore into the embryo sac, or megagametophyte)
123. (b) Wind pollination or anemophily occurs in those flowers which have single ovule in the ovary, and are packed into inflorescences. It is a non-directional pollination.
124. (a) In autogamy, pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower; in geitonogamy, pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same flowering plant, or from microsporangium to ovule within a single (monoecious) gymnosperm. A plant having unisexual flowers is said to be dioecious. Such a flower will neither exhibit autogamy nor geitonogamy
125 (b) The edible part of coconut is endosperm. Endosperm in coconuts are of two kinds – cellular and liquid.
126. (c) Angiosperms are vascular plants. They have stems, roots, and leaves. Unlike gymnosperms such as conifers and cycads, angiosperm’s seeds are found in a flower. Angiosperm eggs are fertilized and develop into a seed in an ovary that is usually in a flower. In angiosperms, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the 2n zygote, and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell to form the 3n endosperm. This is called a double fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote divides to form two cells: the upper cell, or terminal cell, and the lower, or basal, cell.
127 (c) The fusion of the male and female gametes during fertilization is named syngamy Syngamy and triple fusion is double fertilization.
128 (c) Sporopollenin is one of the most chemically inert biological polymers. It is a major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. It is chemically very stable and is usually well preserved in soils and sediments. The function of sporopollenin is to protect the pollen grains from external damages such as rain,high temp. Sporopollenin forms the outercovering of the exine & it is the most resistant organic material on the Earth ever known.
129 (c) A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms. In Pinus, winged pollen grains are present. It is extended outer exine on two lateral sides to form the wings of pollen. It is the characteristic feature, only in Pinus. Pollen grains of Mustard, Cycas & Mango are not winged shaped.
130 (d) after the double fertilization, the flower begins to lose its shine. The major events in post-fertilisation of a flower include development of endosperm and embryo, maturation of ovules into seeds and ovary into fruit.
131(b) Peripsperm is nutritive tissue of a seed derived from the nucellus and deposited external to the embryo sac —distinguished from endosperm. Example : Sugar beet, coffee, and black pepper
132 (d) In flowering plants, out of the two male gametes discharged in synergids, one fuses with the egg and other fuses with the secondary or definitive nucleus present in central cell.
133(c) In botany, a hilum is a scar or mark left on a seed coat by the former attachment to the ovary wall or to the funiculus (which in turn attaches to the ovary wall). On a bean seed, the hilum is called the “eye”. For some species of fungus, the hilum is the microscopic indentation left on a spore when it separates from the sterigma of the basidium. A hilum can also be a nucleus of a starch grain; the point around which layers of starch are deposited.
134 (c) Water Hyacinth is most readily identified by the tall purple flowers that grow off of a long stalk that extends the flower above the rest of the plant. Water Hyacinth is a floating plant, so it uses its dark roots that are not attached to the lake or pond bed to gather nutrients from the water. Their large glossy leaves stick out of the water to act as sails for the plant. Water Hyacinth is often mistaken for Water Lilies, which are a rooted plant with flatter leaves and paler colored flowers.
Water Hyacinth will cause oxygen depletion if allowed to cover whole surface area of water.
135(2)
(b) Embryo sac is haploid and gametophyte which is present inside the ovule (diploid and sporophyte).
(a)Pollen grains are haploid (n) and gametophyte which is present inside the anther (diploid and sporophyte).
136(d)The production of gametes (n) by the parents (2n), the formation of the zygote (2n), the F1 and F2 plants can be understood from a diagram called Punnett square.
137 (a) Some Liverworts
138(b)Xenogamy is transfer of pollen grains from anthers of one plant to stigma of a different plant which, during pollination, brings genetically different types of pollen grains to stigma.
139 (b) 8-nucleate and 7-celle
