1. Lymph differs from blood inpossessing
(a) only WBC
(b) more RBC and WBC
(c) more RBC and few WBC
(d) more WBC and few RBC
2. Mineral found in red pigment of vertebrate blood is
(a) magnesium
(b) iron
(c) calcium
(d) copper
3. Histamine secreting cells are found in
(a) connective tissues
(b) lungs
(c) muscular tissue
(d) nervous tissue
4. Haversian canals occur in
(a) Humerus
(b) Pubis
(c) Scapula
(d) Clavicle
5. Characteristics of smooth muscle fibres are
(a) spindle-shaped, unbranched, unstriated, uninucleate and involuntary
(b) spindle shaped, unbranched, unstriped, multinucleate and involuntary
(c) cylindrical, unbranched, unstriped, multinucleate and involuntary
(d) cylindrical, unbranched, striated, multinucleate and voluntary
6. Component of blood responsible for producing antibodies is
(a) Thrombocytes
(b) Monocytes
(c) Erythrocytes
(d) Lymphocytes
7. Afferent nerve fibre carries impulses from
(a) effector to central nervous system
(b) receptor to central nervous system
(c) central nervous system to muscles
(d) central nervous system to receptors
8. Formation of cartilage bones involves
(a) deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts and resorption chondroblasts
(b) deposition of bony matter by osteoclasts and resorption by chondroblasts
(c) deposition of bony matter by osteoclasts only
(d) deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts only
9. Vitamin K is required for
(a) formation of thromboplastin
(b) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
(c) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
(d) synthesis of prothrombin
10. The layer of actively dividing cells of skin is termed as
(a) stratum compactum
(b) stratum corneum
(c) stratum malpighii/ stratum germinativum
(d) stratum lucidum
11. Blood capillary consists of
(a) endothelium only
(b) endothelium and thin coat of connective tissue
(c) endothelium and thin coat of muscle fibres
(d) endothelium and thin coat of connective tissue plus muscle fibres
12. Epithelial tissue with thin flat cells appearing like packed tiles occurs on
(a) inner lining of cheek
(b) inner lining of stomach
(c) inner lining of fallopian tubes
(d) inner lining of ovary
13. Stratum germinativum is an example of which kind of epithelium?
(a) Cuboidal
(b) Ciliated
(c) Columnar
(d) Squamous
14. Protein present in the matrix of cartilage is known as
(a) chondrin
(b) casein
(c) cartilagin
(d) ossein
15. Basement membrane is made up of
(a) epidermal cells only
(b) endodermal cells only
(c) both epidermal and endodermal cells
(d) no cell at all, but is a product of epithelial cells
16. The functional unit of contractile system in striated muscle is
(a) myofibril
(b) sarcomere
(c) Z-band
(d) cross bridges
17. Which of the following is not exclusively supplied with involuntary muscles?
(a) Muscular coats of blood vessels
(b) Muscles of the ducts of glands
(c) Muscles of iris
(d) Muscles of urethra
18. The active molecule that helps initiate the inflammatory response when mast cells degranulate is
(a) perforin
(b) histamine
(c) heparin
(d) insulin
19. The polysaccharide present in the matrix of cartilage is known as
(a) cartilagin
(b) ossein
(c) chondriotin
(d) casein
20. Simple epithelium is a tissue in which the cells are
(a) hardened and provide support to the organs
(b) cemented directly to one another to form a single layer
(c) continuously dividing to provide form to an organ
(d) loosely connected to one another to form an irregular organ
22. A piece of bone such as femur of frog if kept in dilute HCl for about a week will
(a) assume black colour
(b) shrink in size
(c) turn flexible
(d) crack into pieces
22. Which cells do not form layer and remain structurally separate?
(a) Epithelial cells
(b) Muscle cells
(c) Nerve cells
(d) Gland cells
23. During an injury nasal septum gets damaged and for its recovery which cartilage is preferred?
(a) Hyaline cartilage
(b) Elastic cartilage
(c) Calcified cartilage
(d) Fibrous cartilage
24. Which cartilage is present at the end of long bones?
(a) Calcified cartilage
(b) Hyaline cartilage
(c) Elastic cartilage
(d) Fibrous cartilage
25. Which one of the following contains the largest quantity of extracellular material?
(a) Myelinated nerve fibres
(b) Striated muscle
(c) Areolar tissue
(d) Stratified epithelium
26. Mast cells of connective tissue contain
(a) vasopressin and relaxin
(b) heparin and histamine
(c) heparin and calcitonin
(d) serotonin and melanin
27. ATPase enzyme needed for muscle contraction is located in
(a) actinin
(b) troponin
(c) myosin
(d) actin
28. Which of the following substances, if introduced into the blood stream, would cause coagulation of blood at the site of its introduction?
(a) Prothrombin
(b) Fibrinogen
(c) Thromboplastin
(d) Heparin
29. Areolar connective tissue joins
(a) integument with muscles
(b) bones with muscles
(c) bones with bones
(d) fat body with muscles
30. Mast cells secrete
(a) myoglobin
(b) histamine
(c) hemoglobin
(d) hippurin
31. Bowman‘s glands are found in
(a) external auditory canal
(b) cortical nephrons only
(c) juxtamedullary nephrons
(d) olfactory epithelium
32. In which one of the following preparations are your likely to come across cell junctions most frequently?
(a) Thrombocytes
(b) Tendon
(c) Hyaline cartilage
(d) Ciliated epithelium.
33. Earthworms have no skeleton but during burrowing, the anterior end becomes turgid and acts as a hydraulic skeleton. It is due to
(a) coelomicfluid
(b) blood
(c) gut peristalsis
(d) setae
34. Which one of the following is correct pairing of a body part and the kind of muscle tissue that moves it?
(a) Biceps of upper arm–Smooth muscle fibres
(b) Abdominal wall–Smooth muscle
(c) Iris–Involuntary smooth muscle
(d) Heart wall–Involuntary unstriated muscle
35. The epithelial tissue present on the inner surface of bronchioles and fallopian tube is:
(a) glandular
(b) ciliated
(c) squamous
(d) cuboidal
36. The cell junctions called tight, adhering and gap junctions are found in
(a) connective tissue
(b) epithelial tissue
(c) neural tissue
(d) muscular tissue
37. If a live earthworm is pricked with a needle on it outer surface without damaging its gut, the fluid that comes out is:
(a) coelomicfluid
(b) haemolymph
(c) slimy mucus
(d) excretory fluid
38. Which one of the following correctly describes the location of some body parts in the earthworm Pheretima?
(a) Four pairs of spermathecae in 4 – 7 segments.
(b) One pair of ovaries attached at intersegmental septum of 14th and 15th segments.
(c) Two pairs of testes in 10th and 11th segments.
(d) Two pairs of accessory glands in 16 – 18 segments.
39. The kind of tissue that forms the supportive structure in our pinna (external ears) is also found in:
(a) nails
(b) ear ossicles
(c) tip of the nose
(d) vertebrae
40. The kind of epithelium which forms the inner walls of blood vessels is:
(a) cuboidal epithelium
(b) columnar epithelium
(c) ciliated columnar epithelium
(d) squamous epithelium
41. One very special feature in the earthworm Pheretima is that
(a) fertilisation for eggs occurs inside the body
(b) the typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption area of the digested food in the intestine
(c) the S- shaped setae embedded in the integument are the defensive weapons used against the enemies
(d) it has a long dorsal tubular heart
42. The ciliated columnar epithelial cells in humans are known to occur in:
(a) eustachian tube and stomach lining
(b) bronchioles and fallopian tubes
(c) bile duct and oesophagus
(d) fallopian tubes and urethra
43. Which of the following is correctly stated as it happens in the common cockroach?
(a) Malpighian tubules are excretory organs projecting out from the colon
(b) Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin in blood
(c) Nitrogenous excretory product is urea
(d) The food is ground by mandibles and gizzard
44. The cells lining the blood vessels belong to the category of:
(a) smooth muscle tissue
(b) squamous epithelium
(c) columnar epithelium
(d) connective tissue
45. The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles by earthworm is a process called
(a) humification
(b) fragmentation
(c) mineralisation
(d) catabolism
46. Consider the following four statements (A-D) related to the common frog Rana tigrina, and select the correct option stating which ones are true (T) and which ones are false (F) Statements: (A) On dry land it would die due to lack of O2 its mouth is forcibly kept closed
for a few days (B) It has four- chambered heart (C) On dry land it turns uricotelic from ureotelic (D) Its life-history is carried out in pond
water Options: (A) (B) (C) (D)
(a) T F FT
(b) T T F F
(c) F F T T
(d) F T T F
47. Which one of the following structures in Pheretima is correctly matched with its function?
(a) Clitellum – secretes cocoon
(b) Gizzard – absorbs digested food
(c) Setae- defence against predators
(d) Typhlosole – storage of extra nutrients
48. The type of muscles present in our:
(a) heart are involuntary and unstriated smooth muscles
(b) intestine are striated and involuntary
(c) thigh are striated and voluntary
(d) upper arm are smooth muscle fibres fusiform in shape
49. Compared to those of humans, the erythrocytes in frog are
(a) Without nucleus but with haemoglobin
(b) nucleated and with haemoglobin
(c) very much smaller and fewer
(d) nucleated and without haemoglobin.
50. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to Periplanetaamericana.
(a) Nervous system located dorsally, consists of segmentally arranged ganglia joined by a pair of longitudinal connectives.
(b) Males bear a pair of short thread like anal styles.
(c) There are 16 very long Malpighian tubules present at the junctions of midgut and hindgut.
(d) Grinding of food is carried out only by the mouth parts.
51. The type of muscles present in our:
(a) heart are involuntary and unstriated smooth muscles
(b) intestine are striated and involuntary
(c) thigh are striated and voluntary
(d) upper arm are smooth muscle fibres fusiform in shape
52. The supportive skeletal structures in the human external ears and in the nose tip are examples of
(a) ligament
(b) areolar tissue
(c) bone
(d) cartilage
53. Electron microscope has a high resolution power. This is due to
(a) electromagnetic lenses
(b) very low wavelength of electron beam
(c) low wavelength of light source used
(d) high numerical aperture of glass lenses used
54. What external changes are visible after the last moult of a cockroach nymph?
(a) Anal cerci develop
(b) Both fore wings and hind wings develop
(c) Labium develops
(d) Mandibles become harder
55. Hammerling‘s experiments of Acetabularia involved exchanging
(a) cytoplasm
(b) nucleus
(c) rhizoid and stalk
(d) gametes
56. Select the correct option with respect to cockroaches
(a) The fore wings are tegmina which are used in flight
(b) Malpighian tubules convert nitrogenous wastes into urea
(c) Males bear short anal styles not present in females
(d) Nervous system comprises of a dorsal nerve cord and ten pairs of ganglion
57. Major inorganic component of vertebrate bone is
(a) calcium carbonate
(b) calcium phosphate
(c) sodium hydroxide
(d) potassium hydroxide
58. Frog’s heart when taken out of the body continues to beat for sometime. Select the best option from the following statements.
(1) Frog is a poikilotherm.
(2) Frog does not have any coronary circulation.
(3) Heart is “myogenic” in nature.
(4) Heart is autoexcitable.
(a) (1) and (2)
(b) Only (4)
(c) (3) and (4)
(d) Only (3)
59. Which of the following statement about cell junctions is false?
(i) All the cells of the epithelium are held together with little intercellular materials.
(ii) In almost all animal tissues specialized junction provide both structural and functional link between its individual cells.
(iii) Tight junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
(iv) Adhering junctions provide cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.
(v) Gap junctions provide cytoplasmic
channels between cells for passage of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules.
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (v)
(d) None of these
60.The function of the gap junction is to
(a) separate two cells from each other
(b) stop substance from leaking across a tissue
(c) performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells together
(d) facilitate communication between adjoining cells by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and some large molecules.
61. What external changes are visible after the last moult of a cockroach nymph?
(A)Mandibles become harder
(B)Both forewings and hindwings develop
(c) Labium develops
(d) Anal cerci develop
62.What is common among silverfish, scorpion, crab and honey bee?
(a) Compound eyes
(b) Poison gland
(c) Jointed legs
(d) Metamorphosis
63.The long bones are hollow and connected by air passage. They are the characteristics of
(a) Aves
(b) mammals
(c) Reptilia
(d) Iand vertebrates
64.Earthworms have no skeleton but during burrowing, the anterior end becomes turgid and acts as a hydraulic skeleton. It is due to
(a) gut peristalsis
(b) setae
(c) coelomic fluid
(d) blood.
65.The supportive skeletal structures in the human external ears and in the nose tip are examples of
(a) ligament
(b) areolar tissue
(c) bone
(d) cartilage.
66.Which gland plays a key role in metamorphosis of frog ?
(a) Adrenal
(b) Thyroid
(c) Thymus
(d) Pancreas
67.The cells lining the blood vessels belong to the category of
(a) smooth muscle tissue
(b) squamous epithelium
(c) columnar epithelium
(d) connective tissue.
68. In which one of the following preparations are you likely to come across cell junctions most frequently?
(a) Thrombocytes
(b) Tendon
(c) Hyaline cartilage
(d) Ciliated epithelium
69. Four healthy people in their twenties got involved in injuries resulting in damage and death of few cells of the following. Which of the cells are least likely to be replaced by new cells?
(a) Liver cells
(b) Neurons
(c) Malpighian layer of the skin
(d) Osteocytes
70. Which of the following type of cell junction is not found in animal tissues ?
(a) Adhering junction
(b) Gap junction
(c) Tight junction
(d) Plasmodesmata
71.Melanin protects from
(a) visible rays
(b) UV rays
(c) infrared rays
(d) Xrays.
72.Protein present in cartilage is
(a) cartilagin
(b) chondrin
(c) ossein
(d) none of these.
73. Characteristics of smooth muscle fibres are
(a) spindle-shaped, unbranched, unstriated, uninucleate and involuntary
(b) spindle-shaped, unbranched, unstriped, multinucleate and involuntary
(c) cylindrical, unbranched, unstriped, multinucleate and involuntary
(d) cylindrical, unbranched, unstriated, multinucleate and voluntary
74. The layer of actively dividing cells of skin is termed as
(a) stratum compactum
(b) stratum corneum
(c) stratum malpighii/stratum germinativum
(d) stratum lucidum
75. Component of blood responsible for producing antibodies is
(a) thrombocytes
(b) monocytes
(c) erythrocytes
(d)lymphocytes
76. The body cells in cockroach discharge their nitrogenous waste in the haemolymph mainly in the form of
(a) urea
(b) calcium carbonate
(c) ammonia
(d) potassium urate
77. Which of the following features is used to identify a male cockroach from a female cockroach?
(1) Presence of a boat shaped sternum on the 9th abdominal segment
(2) Presence of caudal styles
(3) Presence of anal cerci
(4) Forewings with darker tegmina
78. The ciliated epithelial cells are required to move particles or mucus in a specific direction. In humans, these cells are mainly present in
(1) Bile duct and Bronchioles
(2) Fallopian tubes and Pancreatic duct
(3) Eustachian tube and Salivary duct
(4) Bronchioles and Fallopian tubes
79. Select the correct sequence of organs in the alimentary canal of cockroach starting from mouth
(1) Pharynx → Oesophagus →Crop → Gizzard→ Ileum → Colon → Rectum
(2) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Gizzard → Crop → Ileum → Colon→ Rectum
(3) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Gizzard → Ileum → Crop → Colon → Rectum
(4) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Ileum → Crop → Gizzard → Colon → Rectum
80. If the head of cockroach is removed, it may live for few days because
(1) the head holds a small proportion of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the ventral part of its body.
(2) the head holds a 1/3rd of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the dorsal part of its body.
(3) the supra-oesophageal ganglia of the cockroach are situated in ventral part of abdomen.
(4) the cockroach does not have nervous system.
81. Cuboidal epithelium with brush border of microvilli is found in
(1) Proximal convoluted tubule of nephron
(2) Eustachian tube
(3) Lining of intestine
(4) Ducts of salivary gland
82. Which of the following refer to correct example(s) of organisms which have evolved due to changes in environment brought about by anthropogenic action?
(a) Darwin’s Finches of Galapagos islands.
(b) Herbicide resistant weeds.
(c) Drug resistant eukaryotes.
(d) Man-created breeds of domesticated animals like dogs.
(1) (b), (c) and (d)
(2) only (d)
(3) only (a)
(4) (a) and (c)
83. Goblet cells of alimentary canal are modified from
(1) Chondrocytes
(2) Compound epithelial cells
(3) Squamous epithelial cells
(4) Columnar epithelial cells
84. Which of the following characteristics is incorrect with respect to cockroach?
(1) 10th abdominal segment in both sexes, bears a pair of anal cerci
(2) A ring of gastric caeca is present at the junction of midgut and hind gut
(3) Hypopharynx lies within the cavity enclosed by the mouth parts
(4) In females, 7th-9th sterna together form a genital Pouch
85. Which of the following statements wrongly represents the nature of smooth muscle?
(1) These muscles are present in the wall of blood vessels
(2) These muscle have no striations
(3) They are involuntary muscles
(4) Communication among the cells is performed by intercalated discs
86. Following are the statements about prostomium of earthworm.
(a) It serves as a covering for mouth.
(b) It helps to open cracks in the soil into which it can crawl.
(c) It is one of the sensory structures.
(d) It is the first body segment.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(1) (b) and (c) are correct
(2) (a), (b) and (c) are correct
(3) (a), (b) and (d) are correct
(4) (a), (b), (c) and (d) are correct
Solutions :
1.Solution: (a) Lymph differs from blood in that it Contains less protein and no red blood cells. Lymph contains white blood cells.
2.Solution: (b) Mineral found in red pigment of vertebrate blood is Iron.
3.Solution: (a) In connective tissues, histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses and regulating
physiological function in the gut and acts as a neurotransmitter. Histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.
4.Solution: (a) Haversian canals are a characteristic feature of the mammalian bones present in the matrix of bones. They are present in
Humerus bone.
5.Solution: (a) Characteristics of smooth muscle fibres. • cells range from 5 to 10 µm in diameter and 30 to 200 µm in length • spindle-shaped •
single, centrally located nucleus • smooth muscle tissue occurs within almost every organ, forming sheets, bundles or sheaths around other tissues. Smooth muscle differs from both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues in structure and function. Sarcomeres or myofibrils are not present –
therefore not striated, ie. smooth.
6.Solution: (d) Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cells in the vertebrate immune system. Lymphocytes are responsible for making antibodies.
7.Solution: (b) In nervous system afferent nerve fibres carry nerve impulse from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous
system.
8.Solution: (a) Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts and resorption chondroblasts.
9.Solution: (d) Synthesis of prothrombin which helps in coagulation of blood. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and blood
clotting factors I, VII, IX and X.
10.Solution: (c) It is the innermost one celled thick made up of columnar epithelial cells. It lies on a basement. These cells are active &
continuously produce new cells by mitotic division that is why called germinative layer or stratum germinativum. The division rate of these cells in highest during sleep or rest and lowest during muscular activity & stress.
11. Solution: (a) The wall of blood vessels (arteries & veins) are made up of mainly 3 layers – the outer most tunica externa has a loss connective
tissue, collagen fibres, lymph vessels and the middle tunica media has circular smooth muscle fibres, some elastic fibres and the inner most tunica interna is a single layered endothelium of polyhedral squamous cells. If the arteries reach organs they form arterioles which are thinner and
mainly consist smooth muscles and when they subdivide in the tissues they make capillaries. The wall of capillaries are very thin (usually less than one micron) and have numerous minute pores and made up of only endothelium. Exchange of material takes place between blood and tissue fluid across the endothelial membrane of capillaries through active diffusion.
12. Solution: (a) Squamous epithelial cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell
form and help to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells, for example, tend to have horizontal flattened, elliptical nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell. They form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layers of
the skin.
13.Solution: (c) The simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of polygonal cells which appear cuboidal in vertical section. Cuboidal epithelium occurs in terminal respiratory bronchioles. Columnar epithelium is made of tall cylindrical cells and it occurs in the lining of stomach. In
ciliated epithelium the cells bear cilia on their free surface and it occurs in the respiratory tract. 1
14.Solution: (a) Chondrin is a gelatin-like substance and can be obtained by boiling cartilage in water. The cartilage is a connective tissue that contains cells embedded in a matrix of chondrin.
15.Solution: (d) Basement membrane is a delicate noncellular layer made of extracellular material that lies below the epithelium in contact with its basal surface. Basement membrane is a delicate noncellular layer made of extracellular material that lies below the epithelium in contact with its basal surface. Besides this the basal lamina consists of mucopoly saccharides and very fine fibres.
16.Solution: (b) A skeletal muscle consists of a bundle of long fibres running the length of the muscle. Each fibre is a single cell with
many nuclei. Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle because the regular arrangement of the myofilaments creates as repeating pattern of light and dark bands. Each repeating unit is a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the muscle. The borders of the sarcomere the Z lines, are
lined up in adjacent myofibrils and contribute to striations visible with a light microscope.
17.Solution: (d) Voluntary muscles – under control of our will. Involuntary muscles – Not under control of our will. Muscles of urethra also
remain under voluntary control after infancy.
18.Solution: (b) Mast cells contain granules of heparin and histamine. Heparin prevents blood clotting. Histamine produces inflammation.
19.Solution: (c) The chief component of ground substance of cartilage is chondromuco protein which is formed of chondriotin sulphate, keratan
sulphate and hyaluronic acid.
20.Solution: (b) Simple epithelium is a tissue made of a single layer of compactly arranged cells all of which rest over a noncellular basement
membrane.
21.Solution: (c) When a bone is kept in dilute acids like HCl for a few days, the Ca salts get dissolved leaving only the soft and flexible
organic matrix. This process is called Decalcification. If a bone is kept in KOH it remains unaffected and only the surrounding muscles and connective tissues get dissolved so that the bone now appears clean.
22.Solution: (c) Only nerve cells do not form layers. These also remain structurally separate from each other. Nerve cells or neurons are the cells
specialized to conduct an electrochemical current. Nerve tissue is made up of these cells and supporting cells. Epithelial tissue is made of one or a few layers of compactly arranged cells overlying a basement membrane. Glands are epithelial cells specialized to elaborate and release chemicals for use in the body. Muscle tissue is made of elongated and contractile cells called myocytes.
23.Solution: (a) Hyaline cartilage is firm but slightly elastic with clear matrix. It is present in larynx, trachea, bronchi, nose. Elastic cartilage
occur in external ear. Calcified cartilage occurs in suprascapula. Fibrous cartilage occurs in intervertebral discs.
24.Solution: (b) Hyaline cartilage is present at the end of long articular bones. It provides a smooth articular surface to permit movement at
joints. Elastic cartilage is found where support with flexibility is needed such as in external ears. Fibro cartilage is a very tough substance and is used in places of the body where shock absorbers are needed. Examples – Discs between vertebrate and in the knee joints.
25.Solution: (c) Areolar tissue is the least specialized connective tissue. It has a large amount of ground substance (extracellular material)
and possesses rich blood and nerve supplies. It spreads extensively throughout the body, under the skin and epithelia, in between and around muscles, nerves and blood vessels and in the submucosa of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.
26.Solution: (b) Mast cells are granulated wandering leucocyte cells. Their granules contain histamine which is vasodilator and heparin
(anticoagulant). These take part in body defence and allergic reaction. Vasopressin is released by posterior lobe of pituitary. Relaxin is released by placenta. Calcitonin is released by thyroid. Serotonin and melanin are released by intermediate lobe of pituitary gland.
27.Solution: (c) ATPase enzyme is located in the myosin cross bridge heads. Actin forms the light or I- Band. Actin slides over myosin during
contraction. Troponin protein is involved in establishing connection with myosin cross bridges. Actin is not involved in muscle contraction. It is also an ATPase (an enzyme) which is activated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Hence, ATPase enzyme is located in myosin.
28.Solution: (c) Fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin are respectively clotting factors I, II and III. Thromboplastin released from injured
platelets or injured tissue. This converts prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. The thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin and the latter froms the clot.
29.Solution: (a) Areolar connective tissue has rich supply of nerve fibres and blood vessels. It joins skin epithelia with muscles, nerves & blood
vessels. Binding of body parts together is the main function of areolar connective tissue.
30.Solution: (b) At the site of infection, the infectious organism release some chemical to increase the flow of mast cells towards the
inflammation site. Mast cell release histamine which increases the permeability of blood vessels at the site of inflammation so that more blood supply takes place. The site gets warm and red due to this.
31.Solution: (d) Bowman‘s glands are found in olfactory epithelium which secrete mucus to keep the olfactory epithelium moist and free
from germs.
32.Solution: (d) It is ciliated epithelium which bears numerous delicated hair like outgrowths the cilia, arising from basal granules. The
cilia remains in rhythmic motion and creates current to transport the materials which comes in contact with them.
33.Solution: (a) Earthworms have no skeleton but during burrowing, anterior end becomes turgid and acts as a hydraulic skeleton. It is due
to coelomic fluid. The coelom is filled with an alkaline milky coelomic fluid. This coelomicfliud contains water, salts, proteins and 4 types of cells namely amoebocytes, mucocytes, circular cells and chloragogen cells.
34.Solution: (b) The structure of the abdominal wall is similar in principle to the thoracic wall. There are three layers, an external, internal and innermost layer. The vessels and nerves lie between the internal and innermost layers. The abdomen can be divided into quadrants or nine abdominal regions. Pain felt in these regions may be considered to be direct or referred abdominal wall made up of smooth muscles.
35.Solution: (b) Ciliated epithelium has simple columnar epithelial cells, but in addition, they posses fine hair-like outgrowths, cilia on their free
surfaces. These cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic, wavelike beatings in a certain direction. This movement of the cilia in a certain direction causes the mucus, which is secreted by the goblet cells, to move (flow or stream) in that direction. Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the air
passages like the nose. It is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females. The movement of the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
36.Solution: (b) The cell junctions called tight, adhering and gap junctions are found in epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the whole
surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces of the interior of the body is known as endothelium.
37.Solution: (a) If a live earthworm is pricked with a needle on its outer surface without damaging its gut, the fluid that comes out is coelomic
fluid because coelomic fluid lies between body wall and alimentary canal. Earthworms are helpful to man as bait for fishing and loosen the soil for roots to grow. A earthworm‘s wastes help to fertilize the soil.
38.Solution: (c) In Pheretima two pairs of testes sacs are situated in the 10th and 11th segments. Each testes sac of the 10th segment
encloses a testes and a seminal funnel. Each testes sac of the 11th segment encloses a testes, a seminal vesicle and a seminal funnel.
39.Solution: (c) The kind of tissue that forms the supportive structure in our pinna (external ears) is also found in tip of the nose. External pinna is made up of elastic cartilage. It is passage towards middle ear.
40.Solution: (d) Squamous epithelium is formed of thin discoidal and polygonal cells that fit like tiles in a floor, so is also called pavement
epithelium. It is found in the walls of blood vessels, in the alveoli of lung for exchange of gas, and in Bowman‘s capsule of nephron for ultra filtration.
41.Solution: (b) The intestine of an earthworm has a peculiar fold of tissue that forms a pocket in the intestine that is visible when viewing
a cross section. This space, which runs almost the whole length of the body dorsally is known as the typhlosole and it
serves to increase the surface area of the intestine for absorption.
42.Solution: (b) Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the respiratory tract, fallopian tubes.
43.Solution: (d) Cockroach takes the food after grounding by its mandibles and gizzard.
44.Solution: (b) The lining of a blood vessel is simple squamous epithelium. Inner most lining of blood vessels is called endothelium.
―Squamous‖ refers to the fact that the cells are flat.
45.Solution: (b) The break down of detritus into smaller particles by earthworm is known as fragmentation.
46.Solution: (a) (A) Dry skin cause ceased cutaneous respiration (B) Three chambered heart. (C) Frog never becomes uricotelic (D) External
fertilization occurs in water
47.Solution: (a) Clitellum – secretes cocoon during breading season of earthworm. Gizzard – grinding of food particles. Setae help in
locomotion. Typhlosole increases the absorption area in intestine.
48.Solution: (c) Thigh muscles are skeletal muscles that are striated and voluntary.
49. Solution: (b) The erythrocytes or RBCs in frog are large, oval and biconvex nucleated cell with respiratory red pigment haemoglobin in its
cytoplasm.
50.Solution: (b)
51.Solution: (c) Thigh muscles are skeletal muscles that are striated and voluntary.
52.Solution: (d) Cartilage is a type of connective tissue which is present in human external ears and in the nose tip.
53.Solution: (b) The resolution is a power of a microscope to distinguish between two particles that are closely situated. Electron microscope
has high resolution power due to very low wavelength of electron beam.
54.Solution: (b) The development of cockroach is paurometabolous meaning that their development is through nymphal stage. The nymphs look very much like adults. The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach adult form. The last nymphal stage has wingpads while adult cockroaches have wings.
55.Solution: (c) J. Hammerling (1934) conducted experiments using two species of green algae Acetabulariacrenulata and A. mediterranea. They differ in the shapes of their caps. The nucleus in both species is situated in rhizoid at the bottom of stalk. If after removing cap, stalk of one species is grafted on rhizoid of the other species, shape of the cap will be determined by nucleus, not by the stalk. This experiment makes clear that the characters of an individual are controlled by nucleus.
56.Solution: (c) In cockroaches, males bear a pair of short, thread like anal styles which are absent in females.
57.(a) The vertebral column is a series of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral discs. The column can be divided into five different regions, with each region characterised by a different vertebral structure. Major inorganic component of vertebrate bone is calcium phosphate
58(c) Frog or the vertebrates have myogenic heart having self contractile system or are autoexcitable; because of this condition, it will keep on working outside the body for some time.
59(d) none of these.
60(d) facilitate communication between adjoining cells by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and some large molecules.
61(a) Mandibles become harder
62(c) Silver fish (Insecta), scorpion (Arachnida); crab (Crustacea) and honey bee (Insecta) all belong to phylum Arthropoda which is characterized by the presence of jointed appendages. Poison glands occur only in scorpion. Compound eyes and metamorphosis are the characteristic of insects
63(a) Aves are the animals that fly so their body weight should be less and for this their bones are hollow and connected by air passages. Reptilia, land vertebrates and mammals do not have hollow bones.
64(b) Hydraulic skeleton is the system of support found in soft bodied invertebrates, which relies on the incompressibility of fluids contained within the body cavity. In earthworms the coelomic fluid is under pressure within the coelom and therefore provides support for internal organs. Due to hydraulic skeleton, during burrowing, the anterior end becomes turgid and aids in relaxation of longitudinal muscles.
65.(d) Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in the body. When an embryo is developing, cartilage is the precursor to bone. Some cartilage remains and is dispersed throughout the body, especially to cover the joints. Cartilage also composes most of the outer ear. It is of four types -hyaline, fibrous, calcified and elastic
66.(b) Thyroid glands plays a key role in metamorphosis of frog’s tadpole. Metamorphosis is profound changes of form during development from larva to adult animal. The process of metamorphosis is essentially under hormonal control. Hormones from the hypothalamus (e.g. TSH or thyroid stimulating hormone) and the thyroid gland regulate the process of metamorphosis. Thyroxine hormone affects the tissues directly, causing the degeneration and necrosis of some cells and stimulating the growth and differentiation of others.
67(b) Simple squamous epithelium is composed of large flat cells whose edges fit closely together like the tiles in a floor, hence it is also called pavement epithelium. The nuclei of the cells are flattened and often lie at the centre of the cells and cause bulgings of cells surface. The epithelium lines the blood vessels, lymph vessels, heart, terminal bronchioles, alveoli of the lungs, walls of the Bowman’s capsules, descending limbs of loop of Henle. In the blood vessels and heart it is called endothelium.
68(d) Ciliated epithelium
69(b) Neurons are least likely to be replaced by new cells as they have least regeneration power. Osteocytes are the bone forming cells. Liver cells and Malpighian layer of the skin have regeneration power.
70(d) Plasmodesmata
71(b) Melanin is a protective pigment synthesised from tyrosine. Melanocytes under the influence of melanocyte secreting hormone secrete melanin which protects the body from harmful effects of UV rays.
72(b) Chondrin is a protein present in the matrix of cartilage. It forms a constituent of a compound called chondrin sulphate. Chondrin sulphate consists of proteoglycans, that is protein chains bonded to long chains of disaccharide hyaluronic acid. Matrix ofbone is made up of a protein called ossein.
73(a) Smooth muscle fibres are spindle-shaped, thick in the middle and thin at either ends, uninucleated, no sarcolemma, contraction is slow, involuntary under the control of autonomous nervous system. These muscles are also known as visceral muscles, non-striated non-skeletal or involuntary muscles.
74(c) Stratum malpighii/stratum germinativum is the innermost layer of the skin consisting of one celled thick columnar epithelial cells. It lies on the basement layer. Its cells are active and continuously produce new cells by mitotic division that is why called germinative layer.
75(d) Lymphocytes (20-25%) are the second most abundant leucocytes. These protect us from pathogens and are involved in the production of antibodies. These lymphocytes are of two. types, which are known as B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
76(d) In cockroach, Malpighian tubules extract metabolic wastes like potassium and sodium urate, water and carbon dioxide from the blood. In the Malpighian tubules bicarbonates of potassium and sodium, water and uric acid are formed. A large amount of water and bicarbonates of potassium and sodium are reabsorbed by the cells of Malpighian tubules and then transferred to the blood (haemolymph). Uric acid is carried to the alimentary canal of the insect and is finally passed out through anus.
77(2)Males bear a pair of short, thread like anal styles which are absent in females. Anal/caudal styles arise from 9th abdominal segment in male cockroach.
78(4)The inner surface of bronchioles and Fallopian tubes possess ciliated epithelium. In the respiratory tract cilia help to push mucus towards the pharynx.
79(1)Pharynx → Oesophagus →Crop → Gizzard→ Ileum → Colon → Rectum
80 (1)Because the head holds a small proportion of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the ventral part of its body.
81(1)The proximal convoluted tubule avidly reabsorbs filtered glucose into the peritubular capillaries so that it is all reabsorbed by the end of the proximal tubule.
82 (1)Examples of evolution due to anthropogenic action (due to human activities) are as follows:
(a) Herbicide resistant weeds
(b) Drug resistant eukaryotes
(c) Pesticide resistant insects
(d) Creation of new breeds of drugs
83 (4)Columnar epithelial cells are taller than they are wide: they resemble a stack of columns in an epithelial layer, and are most commonly found in a single-layer arrangement. The nuclei of columnar epithelial cells in the digestive tract appear to be lined up at the base of the cells. These cells absorb material from the lumen of the digestive tract and prepare it for entry into the body through the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
84 (2) A ring of 6−86−8 blind tubules called hepatic or gastric caeca is present at the junction of foregut and midgut, which secrete digestive juice
85 (4) is incorrect because intercalated discs are found only in cardiac muscle tissue. Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated and involuntary in nature and are present in the wall of blood vessels, uterus, gall bladder, alimentary canal etc.
86 (2) (a), (b) and (c) are correct
